Catalogue · ID 196

Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 9

Author: Інститут історії України НАН України
Year of publication: 2012
Published in: редакційна колегія: Смолій В. А. (голова) та інші
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Ukrainians
Publication rights: not allowed (an encyclopedia under the Institute of History copyright)

Files not published

Where we got it

Original source: https://archive.org/details/e0h0u

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 39 places.

Campaigns

• Muscovite–Ukrainian War (1658–1659)

  It was accompanied by the fomenting of civil war through sponsorship of the opposition – the revolt of Pushkar and Barabash against Vyhovsky

• Publication of the "Synopsis" (1674)

  The creation of the first large-scale ideological justification for the seizure of lands by the Muscovite tsars – the "Synopsis, or a Brief Collection from Various Chroniclers on the Origin of the Slaveno-Rossian People," published by the printing house of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1674

• The Reshetylivka Articles (1709)

  Golovkin"

  The articles "fully preserved the previously established control of the tsarist regime over local financing, the functioning of the administrative apparatus, the Cossack army, and foreign policy"

• The Decisive Points (1728)

  While formally softening the regime of the Little Russian Collegium, the document entrenched harsh imperial restrictions on key points: "Article 19 forbids the hetman relations with other countries"

• Abolition of the Cossack Order in Sloboda Ukraine (1765)

  On the basis of the Sloboda regiments the Sloboda-Ukrainian Governorate was formed, out of the military forces – 5 hussar regiments of the same names (see Hussars), and the bulk of the Cossack population was transferred to the category of military settlers"

• Stalinist Terror and the End of Ukrainization (1922–1939)

  the annihilation of most Ukrainian writers of the 1920s-1930s went down in history as the "Executed Renaissance"

• Liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church (1839)

  The mechanism is recorded in the fates of monasteries: "in connection with the tsarist regime's liquidation of the Union in this region (1839), the monastery was closed, and its buildings destroyed"

• Black Hundred Terror and Pogroms (1905–1907)

  The "Union of the Russian People" was "a Black-Hundred organization… The organization received financial support from the state and was patronized by Russian emperor Nicholas II… Mass Jewish pogroms provoked by the 'Union' took place, particularly in Ukraine, in the 'Pale of Settlement'"

  of its 400 thousand members, nearly half were in Ukrainian cities

• Stolypin Repressions and Mass Displacement (1906–1914)

  The suppression of protests and an agrarian reform that economically squeezed Ukrainian peasants off their native lands: "The resettlement movement gained great momentum, and during 1906–12 about 1 million people left Ukraine for Asiatic Russia… The majority of migrants were landless and land-poor peasants (67%)"

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921)

  Poland, the ally of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) under the Treaty of Warsaw, signed peace with Soviet Ukraine, recognizing it as a state

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938)

  …of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, large-scale censorship, the rewriting of history, and the artificial convergence of the Ukrainian language with Russian; works published in the Ukrainian SSR before 1933, in the words of the compiler of the anthology "Executed Renaissance," were "destroyed as a result of Moscow's new course toward the rout and colonial provincialization of Ukraine"

• The "General Pogrom" of Human Rights Defenders and Punitive Psychiatry (1972–1985)

  Mass arrests of members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group and of dissidents: emblematic is the fate of the poet Vasyl Stus, arrested in 1972 "together with other Ukrainian writer-human rights defenders" and a second time in 1980 - for his participation in the Helsinki Group

  Many human rights defenders never regained their freedom: Stus "died in the punishment cell of special-regime camp VS-389/36" on the night of September 3–4, 1985

Procedures

• Muscovite–Ukrainian War (1658–1659) — technique Proxy War

  Vyhovsky as hetman was received negatively by the representatives of the forces opposed to him," led by Poltava colonel Pushkar and kish otaman Barabash

• Publication of the "Synopsis" (1674) — technique Rewriting of History

  For the ideological justification of the seizure, the Muscovite authorities received a ready-made historical canon: "the 'SYNOPSIS,' 'Synopsis, or a Brief Collection from Various Chroniclers on the Origin of the Slaveno-Rossian People' – a historical work first published by the printing house of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra (1674)"

• Publication of the "Synopsis" (1674) — technique Denial of a Distinct Identity

  The deliberate dissolution of a distinct Ukrainian identity in the construct of a "single Orthodox people": the "Synopsis" subordinated Kyiv's history to the idea of a common "Slaveno-Rossian people"

• The Reshetylivka Articles (1709) — technique Deprivation of Agency

  Golovkin"

• The Reshetylivka Articles (1709) — technique Restriction of Sovereignty

  Entrenchment of tsarist control over the autonomy's foreign policy: the articles "fully preserved the previously established control of the tsarist regime over… foreign policy"

• The Reshetylivka Articles (1709) — technique Implantation of Officials and Military Personnel

  Preservation of tsarist representatives' oversight of the hetmanate's administrative apparatus: the articles "fully preserved the previously established control of the tsarist regime over local financing and the functioning of the administrative apparatus"

  Izmailov, who in his work was guided by official and secret tsarist articles"; the residents "were given the right to control the election and official appointments of representatives of the starshyna"

• The Reshetylivka Articles (1709) — technique Economic Control

  Preservation of the center's control over the region's finances: the articles "fully preserved the previously established control of the tsarist regime over local financing"

• Forced Labor on Imperial Construction: The Ladoga Canal (1704–1725) — technique Labor Exploitation

  the works continued through 1721–23

• The Decisive Points (1728) — technique Restriction of Sovereignty

  He was to acquaint the tsar's resident with letters received from abroad, forward their translations to the tsar's court, and meanwhile detain the envoys"

• The Decisive Points (1728) — technique Economic Control

  Embedding the autonomy's finances into the imperial system: the revenues from the indukta (duty on imported goods) "were to be transferred to the tsar's treasury"

• Abolition of the Cossack Order in Sloboda Ukraine (1765) — technique Administrative-Territorial Division

  – "On the basis of the Sloboda regiments the Sloboda-Ukrainian Governorate was formed"

• Administrative Dismantling and Enserfment of the Left Bank (1781–1786) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  The secularization and confiscation into the imperial treasury of the lands of Ukrainian Orthodox monasteries: "in 1786, during the secularization, the monastery was closed, and its property and lands passed to the state treasury"

• Military Annexation of the Crimean Khanate (1783) — technique Migratory Replacement

  The colonization of the steppes adjacent to Crimea with settlers to create a loyal rear: as early as 1752, New Serbia was formed from Serbs – "officially – to guard the southern frontiers from Tatar and Turkish raids, but in fact – to subdue the Zaporozhians"

• Russo-Turkish War and the Annexation of Bessarabia (1806–1812) — technique Forced Mobilization

  The use of Ukrainian Cossack formations in the imperial war: "The Russian troops, which included the Ust-Danube Budjak Cossack Host, captured Khotyn, Bendery… Akkerman"

• Russo-Turkish War and the Annexation of Bessarabia (1806–1812) — technique Annexation of Territories

  The severing of Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire and its official annexation under the Peace of Bucharest: the treaty "confirmed the annexation of Bessarabia to Russia and the transfer of the border from the Dniester to the Prut down to its confluence with the Danube"

• Stalinist Terror and the End of Ukrainization (1922–1939) — technique Extermination Based on Identity

  The term "Executed Renaissance" denotes precisely "the repressive policy of communist Moscow aimed at the physical destruction of the Ukrainian intellectual elite of the 1920s–30s (more broadly – of the entire nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia) and the tabooing of its creative achievements"

• Liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church (1839) — technique Seizure of Religious Institutions

  The liquidation of the independent spiritual structure on the Right Bank in 1839: "in connection with the tsarist regime's liquidation of the Union in this region (1839), the monastery was closed, and its buildings destroyed"

• Formation of the Ideology of Great-Power Chauvinism (1864–1876) — technique Forced Mobilization

  The use of Ukrainians within the imperial army in large-scale wars of conquest in the Caucasus and Central Asia – recruit conscription had extended to the Ukrainian governorates since the liquidation of the autonomy

• Russo-Turkish War and Pan-Slavism (1877–1878) — technique Forced Mobilization

  The mobilization of the inhabitants of the colonized Ukrainian governorates into the imperial army for the war in the Balkans – under the universal military conscription in force in the Ukrainian lands since the liquidation of the autonomy

• Black Hundred Terror and Pogroms (1905–1907) — technique Sponsoring Domestic Radical Groups

  In 1907 there existed about 800 local branches of the 'Union'"

• Black Hundred Terror and Pogroms (1905–1907) — technique Terror

  The intimidation of the population and suppression of the liberation movement by radical monarchist organizations whose program rested on the principles of "the unity and indivisibility of the Russian Empire, the preservation of autocracy… great-power chauvinism, antisemitism, militant Orthodoxy"

  The outcome was "the mass Jewish pogroms provoked by the 'Union,' particularly in Ukraine, in the 'Pale of Settlement'"

• Stolypin Repressions and Mass Displacement (1906–1914) — technique Creation of Economic Hopelessness

  The largest number of resettlers came from Left-Bank Ukraine, whose peasantry suffered from land scarcity"

  land and credit were unobtainable at home, while "Low land prices beyond the Urals and encouraging government credits… attracted the poor peasantry and prompted it to migrate"

• Stolypin Repressions and Mass Displacement (1906–1914) — technique Liquidation of National Civic Organizations

  The forcible suppression of protests and repressive measures against national self-organization of the same period: Stolypin's "instruction to the governors… demanding a halt to the registration of 'alien,' including Ukrainian, national cultural-educational societies"

• Soviet-Ukrainian War: Second Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  By a decree of 12 April 1919 this administration obliged every village to hand over to the state the amount of grain assigned to it

  The grain was taken from Ukrainians by the administration's food ministry: it sent armed workers' detachments into the villages, and alongside them the grain was seized by detachments of the Bolsheviks' secret police - the extraordinary commissions (Cheka) - and by units of the Russian army

  Detachments of the same ministry and of the Cheka intercepted, on roads and at railway stations, Ukrainians carrying grain for barter or sale outside the state monopoly: the food was seized, and carrying grain was punished up to and including execution

• Suppression of UPA Resistance and Operation "Vistula" (1944–1951) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Strokach personally "directed and coordinated operational-chekist operations to liquidate the underground of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and mass deportations of the population in Western Ukraine"

• Suppression of UPA Resistance and Operation "Vistula" (1944–1951) — technique Terror

  The creation of an atmosphere of total fear through the bloody provocations of NKVD special groups operating in the guise of the UPA: People's Commissar Strokach "initiated the formation of special groups of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR from former partisans for the struggle against the UPA" and "personally interrogated the captured leaders of the OUN networks of Western Ukraine"

• The "General Pogrom" of Human Rights Defenders and Punitive Psychiatry (1972–1985) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Sverstiuk, Ihor and Iryna Kalynets," and after joining the Helsinki Group in October 1979 he was "arrested a second time on May 14, 1980" and sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment and 5 years of exile

  9 in the camp cemetery"