Catalogue · ID 22

Відносини держави, суспільства і особи під час створення радянського ладу в Україні (1917 – 1938 рр.)

Author: Якубова Л. Д.
Year of publication: 2013
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Ukrainians
Publication rights: not allowed (a contemporary scholarly article under copyright)

Files not published

Where we got it

Original source: https://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-02-7102-9/978-966-02-7102-9.pdf

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 36 places.

Campaigns

• Failure of the Political Seizure of the UNR in Kyiv (November – December 1917)

  The Ukrainian leadership recognized the threat and mobilized its supporters, leaving the aggressor's delegates in an absolute minority and thwarting the takeover

• Artificial Separatism and the Dismemberment of Territories (January – March 1918)
• Soviet-Ukrainian War: Third Invasion and the Final Soviet Occupation (December 1919 - November 1921)

  In December 1919, having defeated the White army of General Denikin, the troops of Soviet Russia (RSFSR) invaded Ukraine for the third time in two years of the Soviet-Ukrainian War: on 16 December they captured Kyiv - Soviet troops had previously taken it in February 1918 (campaign C0072) and in February 1919 (campaign C0074)

  Thus Soviet Russia, and from 1922 the USSR, entrenched itself on the captured lands of Ukraine until 1991

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921)
• Legal Absorption through the Creation of the USSR (1922–1924)

  The Ukrainian SSR was definitively stripped of control over foreign policy, the army, foreign trade, transport, and communications — all these spheres passed to the jurisdiction of union-level people's commissariats in Moscow

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932)

  Peasants who put up resistance were dispossessed en masse and deported to Siberia and the North

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933)

  Physical extermination was accompanied by total psychological terror and show trials

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938)

  Skrypnyk was driven to suicide)

Procedures

• Failure of the Political Seizure of the UNR in Kyiv (November – December 1917) — technique Infiltration of Local Political Structures

  Deliberate transfer of loyal delegates and political agitators to the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv in order to hijack the agenda from within

• Failure of the Political Seizure of the UNR in Kyiv (November – December 1917) — technique Seizure of Power Through Election Manipulation

  Actual support was negligible: in the Constituent Assembly elections "across the country as a whole the Bolsheviks gathered less than 24% of the votes, and in the Ukrainian gubernias only 10%"

  …outright that "the transfer of government from the hands of one soviet party into the hands of another party is secured without any revolution, by a simple decision of the Soviets, by a simple re-election of deputies to the Soviets," while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee's decree of 4 December 1917 "On the right of recall of delegates" provided the mechanism for such a replacement

• Soviet-Ukrainian War: First Invasion and the Puppet Government (December 1917 - April 1918) — technique Puppet Government

  The journal "Letopis revolyutsii" (a publication of Istpart, the party commission on history) wrote in 1924: "The all-Ukrainian government was a centre without a periphery, a headquarters without an army, when it had neither territory, nor a population subordinate to it, nor an armed force"

• Artificial Separatism and the Dismemberment of Territories (January – March 1918) — technique Support for Separatism

  Political and military support for local radicals (the Artem group) in proclaiming a republic not subordinate to Kyiv

• Soviet-Ukrainian War: Second Invasion and Resource Depletion (1919) — technique Military Intervention

  A full-scale offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army in early 1919 to recapture Ukrainian cities after the withdrawal of Austro-German troops

  The advance of Denikin's White army on Kyiv ran under the slogan of restoring a "united and indivisible Russia"

  ⏎In the fall of 1919 the Red Army went over to a counteroffensive, now against Denikin's forces

• Soviet-Ukrainian War: Third Invasion and the Final Soviet Occupation (December 1919 - November 1921) — technique Military Intervention
• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921) — technique Sham Treaties

  Use of the "union treaty" format of June 1, 1919, and December 28, 1920, not to create an equal federation but as an instrument for legalizing direct, rigid rule from Moscow

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921) — technique Restriction of Sovereignty

  Transfer of control over the military affairs, finances, communications, and transport routes of the Ukrainian republic into the hands of the central bodies of the RSFSR

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921) — technique Deprivation of Agency

  De facto liquidation of the Ukrainian army (the disbandment of the Ukrainian Front) and the transformation of the government of the Ukrainian SSR into a nominal appendage of the Russian administrative machine

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  Peters

• Institutional Absorption through a "Military-Political Union" (1919–1921) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Coercion of legal Ukrainian parties into self-dissolution (in particular, the Borotbists in the spring of 1920) and their absorption by the CP(b)U through political blackmail and the bribery of their leaders with official posts

• Legal Absorption through the Creation of the USSR (1922–1924) — technique Restriction of Sovereignty

  Stripping the Ukrainian SSR of control over foreign policy, the army, foreign trade, transport, and communications through the 1924 Constitution of the USSR, transferring them to the jurisdiction of the all-union people's commissariats

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) — technique Economic Control

  Forcible seizure of land, livestock, and agricultural implements from peasants as part of forced collectivization under slogans of socialist modernization

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  Mass dispossession and forced deportation of hundreds of thousands of resisting peasants (the so-called "kurkuls") to remote special settlements in Siberia and the North

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) — technique Deportation

  Mass deportation of hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian peasants ("kulaks") and their family members to Siberia and remote northern regions of the USSR

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Mass arrests of peasants during the dekulakization campaign: according to the 1930 directives, in addition to deportations, tens of thousands of people were sent directly to concentration camps for isolation

• Forced Collectivization and Dekulakization (1928–1932) — technique Labor Exploitation

  Use of dekulakized peasants, sent into the emerging GULAG system, as forced unpaid labor for heavy state projects

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) — technique Artificial Famine

  Confiscation of absolutely all food, including the extraction of seed stocks, through the mechanism of crushing grain procurement quotas, which led to mass deadly famine

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Deliberately starving millions of Ukrainian peasants to death as a direct result of Moscow's state policy

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) — technique Terror

  Systematic psychological suppression through public show trials of "saboteurs" and the introduction of the punitive law on the protection of socialist property (the "law of five ears of grain")

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) — technique Transport Blockade

  The directive sealed off precisely Ukraine and the Kuban: "all peasants who had managed to leave Ukraine and the North Caucasus were subject to return to their places of residence," while permits to leave were denied even "to the national districts of the krai, where there was no famine at all"

  Within 50 days "219.5 thousand peasants were detained, including 38 thousand in the Ukrainian SSR, 47 thousand in the North Caucasus, 44 thousand in the Central Black Earth region, 5 thousand in the Western oblast, 65 thousand on the railways"; of these, "186.5 thousand were sent home under convoy, almost 3 thousand were convicted, and all the rest awaited trial or were under investigation in filtration camps"

  The point of the operation lay not in sentences but in marching people back into the starving villages: the coded telegram "documentarily attests to his intention to organize absolute famine in the rural areas of Ukraine"

• Terror by Famine: The Holodomor (1932–1933) — technique Labor Exploitation

  Lethally dangerous exploitation of the labor of Ukrainian peasants, convicted en masse under the "law of five ears of grain" and exiled to corrective labor camps during the Holodomor

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Terror

  Creation of an atmosphere of total paralyzing fear in society through the fabrication of cases (for example, the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine") and the staging of public show trials

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Censorship

  Mass confiscation and destruction of literature declared "nationalist," and rigid control over the printed word and the arts

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Linguistic Assimilation

  The forced orthography reform of 1933, aimed at artificially bringing Ukrainian grammar and terminology closer to the Russian language

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Seizure of Religious Institutions

  Mass closure and destruction of churches, as well as repressions against clergy, aimed at the complete destruction of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC)

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Fabrication of cases (including the "UNC" case) and driving representatives of the national elite to death, including the historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky, the writer Mykola Khvylovy, and People's Commissar Mykola Skrypnyk

• Cultural Terror and the "Executed Renaissance" (1933–1938) — technique Destruction of Historical Memory

  Institutional destruction of national historical scholarship, closure of research schools, and removal of the works of Ukrainian historians from scholarly circulation