Catalogue · ID 252

Царское прошлое чеченцев. Власть и общество

Author: Ибрагимова З. Х.
Year of publication: 2009
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a contemporary monograph under copyright)

Files not published

Where we got it

Edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=L3MwQwAACAAJ

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 13 places.

Campaigns

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917)

  The system was defined by a later viceroy, Vorontsov-Dashkov: it was "based on the concentration of administrative power in the hands of individual officers, under the supreme direction of the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus Army, and on allowing the population to manage its internal affairs according to its own adats" (adats - the customary law of the highlanders)

  What is needed here is a power that commands, bridles and governs"

Procedures

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  Ibragimova calls this "the first legislative confirmation of the system of 'military-popular administration' that had in fact taken shape as the land was being conquered"

  …the reform of the local administration and the entry into force of the Regulation on the Main Directorate of the Viceroy of the Caucasus", State Control was "deprived of the ability to monitor the activities of the local authorities": within the viceroy's Main Directorate a special control department was set up, answerable not to the central agency but to the head of the Main Directorate himself

  On 16 January 1860 Emperor Alexander II approved the regulation by which the Left Wing of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on Nokhchi land) was renamed the Terek oblast

  On 24 May 1860 Baryatinsky, viceroy in the Caucasus, ordered the creation at the Main Staff of the Caucasus Army of a "Chancellery for the Administration of the Caucasus Highlanders" - later it was called the "Caucasus Mountain Administration", then the "Caucasus Military-Popular Administration"

  … 1 more

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Imposition of Alien Governance

  Ibragimova records the result: for a long time highlanders could rise no higher in the administrative system of the Terek oblast than the office of village elder

  of all instructions and demands of the administration"; the population was left no choice - "The local authorities did not consider it possible to grant even the right to elect aul elders, since they 'found no sufficient guarantees that this would not entail serious inconveniences in the matter of governing the highlanders'"

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Administrative-Territorial Division

  The oblast was recut in 1862, 1869, 1888 and 1899

  Ibragimova, "to shield the Cossacks from the 'corrupting' influence of the highlanders"

  …right bank of the Terek, which were slated for transfer to the Kizlyar and Pyatigorsk otdels (Cossack divisions), were set apart as a special uchastok (sub-district) and temporarily left under the head of the Grozny okrug; the mountain okrugs were divided into uchastoks, while the Cossack otdels were divided by the pattern of manning military units, into sotnias (Cossack hundreds) and regiments

  From 1 January 1899 the oblast was recut once more: four otdels - Pyatigorsk, Mozdok, Kizlyar, Sunzha - and four okrugs: Vladikavkaz, Khasav-Yurt, Nalchik, Grozny

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Erasure and Renaming of Place Names

  On 21 March 1888, by decree of Emperor Alexander III, the names of peoples were erased from the names of the okrugs of the Terek oblast: the Chechen okrug was renamed the Grozny okrug, the Ingush - the Nazran, the Kabardian - the Nalchik, the Kumyk - the Khasav-Yurt, the Military-Ossetian - the Vladikavkaz

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Legal Segregation of the Population

  From 1882 "especially important" cases in which the accused were highlanders were transferred to the field court-martial; in 1893, with the emperor's permission, a significant share of highlanders' criminal cases was withdrawn from the general civil courts - into whose jurisdiction these cases passed, the source does not specify

  Punishment could also be imposed without any court: the head of the oblast jailed highlanders for up to one month at his personal discretion, and imposed penalties on aul communities for harbouring

  on 19 November 1893 the rules of administrative deportation to Eastern Siberia on accusation or suspicion of stealing horses and livestock were extended to the Terek oblast

  Ibragimova, wrote the collective liability of the village community for committed crimes into law

  … 5 more

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Forced Passportization

  The 1894 "Regulation on Residence Permits" enshrined estate inequality: nobles, officials and merchants received passport books of unlimited duration, while highlanders ascribed to village communities received five-year books or short-term passports and bilets (written passes) for absence

  Ibragimova states the regime's effect from the oblast's records: "Terek highlanders, should they appear beyond the Kuban or in other parts of the Russian Empire without passports, were considered vagrants and malefactors and were punished as such"; she also writes: "The passport system served the administration of the Terek oblast as a favourite means of constraining even persons well known to it"

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Restriction of Settlement Geography

  As early as 1880, by decree of the viceroy, all highlanders were expelled from the Shatoy sloboda - "owing to the decrease of Russians in the sloboda" - with a ban on settling there henceforth

  On 14 May 1893 the eviction of highlanders from the towns and slobodas of the oblast began; the bans were lifted piecemeal over decades: for Grozny - on 18 March 1901, for the Vozdvizhenskaya sloboda - on 27 February 1906, for Vedeno and Shatoy - only on 10 May 1916

  The head of the oblast justified the repeal not by the rights of the evicted - he petitioned for the repeal of the law of 14 May 1893 as one "serving as a brake on the Russification of the tribes"

  By order of 26 August 1898 the head of the garrison of the Shatoy fortification banned entry into the fortification without a bilet - the population of three uchastoks was left without access to the post and telegraph office, the savings bank and the pharmacy

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Forced Disarmament

  On 17 August 1884 the "Binding Decree on the Sale, Storage and Carrying of Combat Firearms in the Caucasus Krai" was approved: combat rifles - only under police permits, and the sale and purchase of army-pattern weapons were banned

  On 1 July 1899 the decree was tightened: previous permits were annulled, annual renewal was required, and weapons without a permit were confiscated and sold for the benefit of the treasury

  In 1892, by order of the head of the Terek oblast, all weapons with which highlanders appeared in Russian settlements were confiscated, including weapons brought for sale; from 1893 the authorities were allowed to search homes for weapons

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Taxation

  Ibragimova writes: from the 1860s the administrative apparatus in Chechnya and Ingushetia "was maintained chiefly on funds collected from the people"

  The empire did not trust the highlanders with military service - and taxed them in money instead: by the laws of 2 and 9 June 1887 a monetary levy in place of military service was introduced for the Muslims of the Terek oblast, its size "did not exceed 22 kopecks per 'dym'"

  ("dym" - a separate household, homestead)

  From then on the levies only grew: "From 1887 to 1905 the sum of taxes rose from 228.1 to 678.8 thousand rubles, that is, it nearly tripled over these years", while the podymnaya tax - the tax on each household - "in the Terek oblast reached in the 1890s up to 70 kopecks per desiatina, while at that time in the interior provinces of the country it was no more than 17 kopecks, or four times less"

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917) — technique Territorial Marking with Imperial Symbols

  The shield is crowned with the ancient Tsar's Crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves joined by the Alexander ribbon"

  Ibragimova reads the meaning of the sign thus: the silver bend is the Terek, which had long been a border, and now "both its banks were united by the Imperial standard, and the Terek became fully Russian - such is the basic meaning of this coat of arms"

  Köhne, an official of the Heraldry Office: on an azure shield a silver mountain between two golden sea lilies, and in the dexter canton - the arms of the Terek oblast

  The first monument to Yermolov in Grozny was "the carefully preserved dugout in which he lived during the founding of the Groznaya fortress"

  … 2 more

• Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872) — technique Migratory Replacement

  The difference shows in the allotments: a Cossack family received on average from 57 to 90 desiatinas (a desiatina is slightly more than a hectare)

• Land plunder: the colonial repartition of land, land hunger and Cossack colonization of the Terek oblast (1860-1917) — technique Bribery of Elites

  aul secretaries - up to 75 desiatinas