Catalogue · ID 105

Акты собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею. Том VIII (1831-1837)

Author: Кавказская археографическая комиссия
Year of publication: 1881
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: free (public domain: published in 1881)

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Where we got it

Original source: https://web.archive.org/web/20250912093519/http://apsnyteka.org/381-akak_i_xii.html

The text was transcribed by us from a scan or saved from the source page; the original file is kept alongside so the transcription can be checked.

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Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 44 places.

Campaigns

• Velyaminov's winter raids on Chechen hamlets and villages along the Sunzha: capture of women and devastation of homesteads (1831-1832)

  The imperial review of military operations admits: “Lieutenant General Velyaminov in February 1832 undertook an expedition to punish the Chechen villages lying up the Sunzha from the fortress of Groznaya”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832)

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev: "more than 100 bodies were left by them in the village itself," while a group "numbering about 60 men, for the most part people sent by Kazi-Mulla to hearten the inhabitants of Germenchuk," led by Mullah Abdurakhman, "was cut off and surrounded by us in one large house"

  He annihilated Alkhan-yurt, Sala-yurt, Katar-yurt, Lyalsin-yurt, Nazari-yurt, Uzden-yurt, Uruzbey-yurt, and Khyzin-Erzo-yurt"

  61 unsubmitted villages have been annihilated, many of which, after punishment, declared their submission and fulfilled all demands"

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836)

  …from Kakheti to Chechnya, a topographer was sent, who, having crossed the snowy ridge, came out onto the Caucasian Line at the fortress of Groznaya, and from there, through Chechnya and the lands of the Kists and the Didoi, returned to Kakheti"; at the same time "I sent from Vladikavkaz Ensign Prince Utsmiev of the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment with a topographer, through Chechnya, to Andia"

  Against the movement of Imam Tashu-Hajji, Colonel Pullo, commander of the Sunzha fortified line, conducted constant expeditions; the imperial review of military operations admits: Tashu-Hajji's attempts "were forestalled in good time by the expeditions of the commander of the Sunzha Line, Colonel Pullo, which inflicted total ruin on the inhabitants"

  In addition, the property of the inhabitants and 384 head of horned cattle fell to our troops as booty"; before the withdrawal, the houses of the murids and of "other principal adherents of Tashev-Hajji" were annihilated

• Coercion of Devastated Zandak into Subordination and Tribute by Colonel Pullo (1836)

  Under this fear, as early as 27 August 1836 the elders of the devastated village came to the Groznaya fortress with a forced plea to be accepted into subjecthood; Rozen reported to the Minister of War: "On 27 August the Zandak elders appeared before the commander of the Sunzha Line declaring their submission, which was accepted from them in the established order"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836)

  Pullo to act at once against the unsubmissive Chechen villages"

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837)

  Rozen stated the purpose of the campaign in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 11 February 1837: "to punish the Chechens of the western part of Chechnya who have evaded obedience"

  …burned; on 25 January Feze dispatched columns "to discover and destroy the population in the dense forests up both banks of the Shalazha river"; in all, 92 people were taken captive over the campaign, "on the way back more than a thousand saklias were burned along the Martan and Tengin gorges" (saklia - a highlander's house), and the stores of grain and hay were destroyed in the middle of winter

  Within the detachment the empire led highlanders against highlanders - 800 horsemen of the Ossetian and Ingush militia (militia - auxiliary units of highlanders in the empire's service): the expedition journal lists in Colonel Shiroky's column "a hundred Cossacks and 800 horsemen of Ossetians and Ingush"

  From the aul of Achkhoy, which the troops entered on the fourth day of the annihilation of its neighbors, by the record of the same journal an oath "of submission" and six hostages-amanats were taken (amanat - a person whom the empire took from a community as a guarantee of subordination)

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837)

  Rozen stated the sanction in a dispatch to Minister of War Chernyshev: a campaign "beyond the Argun" would be useful "for diminishing the Chechens' trust in the instigators and turning them away from the intention of joining Shamil" (Shamil - imam, leader of the Dagestani and Chechen highlanders' resistance to the Russian conquest)

  fell into great despondency" - and the troops took oaths with amanats (amanat - a person whom the empire took from a community as a guarantee of subordination) from Shali on 6 February, Germenchuk on the 8th, Geldigen on the 15th, six auls of the Michik on the 21st, the auls along the Yaman-su and the Aksai on the 25th, and, at the end of March, from the elders of the Goyta forest and the Martan gorge

  and 52 amanats were taken"

  In March the troops passed up the Dzhalka: "the four auls they had abandoned were occupied and annihilated without resistance", and the kutans (winter shelters for livestock) with their grain stores were destroyed

  … 1 more

Procedures

• Velyaminov's winter raids on Chechen hamlets and villages along the Sunzha: capture of women and devastation of homesteads (1831-1832) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  …the uprising: on December 23, 1831, Lieutenant Colonel Zass, commander of the Mozdok Cossack Regiment, devastated the hamlets on the right side of the Sunzha opposite the village of Chertugai, and in February 1832 Velyaminov “undertook an expedition to punish the Chechen villages lying up the Sunzha from the Groznaya fortress” — this is acknowledged by the imperial survey of military operations

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Rosen acknowledged the scheme in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev: the villages, “being unable to agree among themselves on the release of our prisoners, have been punished by the destruction of dwellings and plowed fields”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Terror

  Mullah Abdur-Rakhman, was cut off and surrounded by us in one large house”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev on the dispatch of Colonel Shumsky, by whom “Alkhan-yurt, Sala-yurt, Katar-yurt, Lyalsin-yurt, Nazari-yurt, Uzden-yurt, Uruzbey-yurt and Khyzin-Erzo-yurt have been exterminated”

  and summed up the result himself: “Of unsubmitted villages, 61 have been exterminated”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Artificial Famine

  Rosen acknowledged this in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev: the villages that had not submitted were “punished by the destruction of dwellings and plowed fields”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  [five thousand rubles in silver]"

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Taxation

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev: the village of Gurdali “handed over an amanat and undertook to pay tribute”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Hostage-Taking

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev regarding the village of Miskit: “when it was announced to them that in the event of the slightest resistance the entire village, the grain and the hay would be exterminated, they immediately presented amanats”

  Rosen summed up the result in the same report: subjugation through hostage-taking covered “more than 80 Chechen and Ichkerian villages”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Abduction of People

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev: the cavalry “managed to take prisoner 4 persons and 1 woman”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Pillage

  Rosen reported to Minister of War Chernyshev that on September 15, near the village of Dungen-yurt, the cavalry "seized 140 sheep and 9 head of cattle"

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836) — technique Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories

  …from Kakheti to Chechnya, a topographer was sent who, having crossed the snow ridge, came out onto the Caucasian Line at the fortress of Groznaya, and from there, through Chechnya and the lands of the Kistins and the Didois, returned to Kakheti”; at the same time “I sent from Vladikavkaz Ensign Prince Utsmiev of the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment with a topographer, through Chechnya, to Andia”

  Rosen named the method outright: “covert surveys of the lands of the mountaineers hostile to us”

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Pullo, which inflicted utter ruin on the residents”

  Corps commander Rosen reported to the Minister of War on the objective: “in order to shake the influence of Tashev-Hajji and to quell the unrest among the Chechens and instill fear in them, I resolved to undertake movements to punish the residents of the village of Zandak”

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Corps commander Rosen reported to the Minister of War on the destruction in the aul of the houses of murids and of “other principal adherents of Tashev-Hajji”

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836) — technique Abduction of People

  Corps commander Rosen reported to the Minister of War: the infantry drove out the defenders, “having taken prisoner 31 souls of male and female sex”

• Covert reconnaissance of Chechnya by Rosen's topographers and the devastation of Zandak by Pullo's detachment: capture of 31 inhabitants and seizure of livestock (1835-1836) — technique Pillage

  Corps commander Rosen reported to the Minister of War: "our troops received as booty the property of the inhabitants and 384 head of cattle"

• Coercion of Devastated Zandak into Subordination and Tribute by Colonel Pullo (1836) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  Rozen recorded the fact and the date of the formalization in a dispatch to the Minister of War: "On 27 August the Zandak elders appeared before the commander of the Sunzha Line declaring their submission, which was accepted from them in the established order"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  In April 1836, Nicholas I had demanded that action against Tashu-Hadji be undertaken "not otherwise than with complete confidence of success"

  Pullo to act at once against the unsubmissive Chechen villages"

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Rozen, in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 11 February 1837, named the purpose plainly: "to punish the Chechens of the western part of Chechnya who have evaded obedience"

  The campaign continued the winter punitive operations after the December extermination of Kishkeroy-Yurt (campaign C1158): within a week, according to the expedition journal appended to the same report, Shalazh-yurt and the dwellings on both banks of the Shalazha were destroyed, more than a thousand saklias (saklia - a highlander's house) were burned, and 92 captives were taken

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  The expedition journal, presented by Rozen to Minister of War Chernyshev on 11 February 1837, records: Shalazh-yurt, surrounded on the night of 24 January, was taken "without a shot, laying 14 souls on the spot"

  On 25 January Feze, according to the same journal, dispatched columns "to discover and destroy the population in the dense forests up both banks of the Shalazha river" - an order for the destruction of the population in so many words

  At Urus-Martan, after the inhabitants had fled, the journal records, "23 enemy bodies remained on the spot"

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Hostage-Taking

  According to the expedition journal presented by Rozen to Minister of War Chernyshev on 11 February 1837, on 26 January 6 amanats "from the families of the most honored elders" were taken in Achkhoy, and 4 in Phan-kichu (amanat - a person whom the empire took from a community as a guarantee of subjugation; the journal frames the seizure of people with the word "handed over")

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Abduction of People

  The expedition journal, presented by Rozen to Minister of War Chernyshev on 11 February 1837, counts by episode: at the taking of Shalazh-yurt "67 souls were taken captive", at Urus-Martan "13 souls were captured", at Khankharik-Roshnya and Birzul the detachment "took 12 souls captive"

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  and the dwellings of the Chechens on both banks of the Shalazha", and "on the way back more than a thousand saklias were burned along the Martan and Tengin gorges" (saklia - a highlander's house)

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Artificial Famine

  Completing the annihilation of Lesser Chechnya, Feze's troops destroyed the survivors' food as well: on 29 January 1837, according to the expedition journal appended to Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 11 February 1837, "by noon the detachment completed the destruction of the dwellings and of the stores of grain and hay along the Martan gorge"

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Pitting Neighboring Peoples Against Each Other

  The expedition journal, presented by Rozen to Minister of War Chernyshev on 11 February 1837, names the composition of Colonel Shiroky's column: "a hundred Cossacks and 800 horsemen of Ossetians and Ingush" (the Ossetian and Ingush militia - auxiliary units of highlanders in the empire's service)

• Annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's Expedition: 92 Captives, More Than a Thousand Saklias Burned (January 1837) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  On 26 January 1837, on the fourth day of the annihilation of Lesser Chechnya by Feze's expedition - two days after the taking of neighboring Shalazh-yurt with 14 killed - the troops, entering the aul of Achkhoy, took from it an oath "of submission" and 6 amanats (amanat - a person whom the empire took from a community as a guarantee of subordination)

  The frame is spelled out by the expedition journal itself, presented by Rozen to Minister of War Chernyshev on 11 February 1837: "the troops are proceeding to them not to punish them, but properly to confirm them in submission"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Rozen set out the sanction in a dispatch to Minister of War Chernyshev: a campaign "beyond the Argun" - "for diminishing the Chechens' trust in the instigators and turning them away from the intention of joining Shamil" (Shamil - imam, leader of the Dagestani and Chechen highlanders' resistance to the Russian conquest)

  and for the punishment of its inhabitants"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Terror

  fell into great despondency"

  Rozen's report of 11 March uses the same word for the demand of submission from the Andians - "wishing to make use of the fear"

  Fear drove people off their land: after the March sweeps through the forests the inhabitants, according to the report of 12 April, "were compelled by these searches to withdraw into the distant mountains"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  …Shali ("brought an oath of submission to our government and presented amanats as its pledge"), on 8 February Germenchuk ("the oath of subjecthood was renewed"), on 15 February Geldigen ("brought an oath of allegiance and handed over amanats chosen from the best families"), on 21 February six auls of the Michik, on 25 February the auls along the Yaman-su from Balan-su to Biletli and on the Aksai

  By 24 February, according to the report of 11 March, Feze "brought to submission the Chechens dwelling along the Michik river"; at the end of March, at the camp at Ustar-khan, the troops took an oath from the elders of the Goyta forest and the Martan gorge - they "brought an oath of allegiance to the Sovereign Emperor and presented amanats as security for their submission"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Hostage-Taking

  Rozen's reports to Minister of War Chernyshev record the mechanism: Shali - "presented amanats as its pledge", Geldigen - "handed over amanats chosen from the best families", the Yaman-su and the Aksai - "with amanats as its security", the Goyta forest and the Martan gorge - "presented amanats as security for their submission"; the summary of 4 March 1837 counts: for 12-22 February "52 amanats were taken"

  In April, in the Gertli settlement, according to the report of 30 May, "Feze ordered the elder's family and 12 more souls to be taken into custody"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Abduction of People

  The summary in Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 4 March 1837: for 12-22 February "52 souls of inhabitants who did not submit voluntarily were taken captive by our troops, including 8 armed men"

  The report of 23 February on the burning of Seid-yurt and Avtur: "one Chechen and three women who had not managed to get away into the forest" were taken

  On the night of 22 March at Gurdali, according to the report of 12 April, Lieutenant Colonel Panteleyev "took captive 9 unsubmissive Chechens"; in the April raid on the Gertli settlement "18 more souls belonging to the families of the brigands were seized"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 23 February 1837: on 5 February "our troops annihilated the auls of Akhoy-yurt and Lyumik-yurt lying on the way and the khutors of the hostile Chechens"; on 9 February Seid-yurt and Avtur were annihilated

  Then the troops penetrated into the thick of the forest and destroyed the kutans (winter shelters for livestock)"; on 26 March the troops were destroying kutans near Shali, and Birzul's column did the same along its own route

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Artificial Famine

  Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 12 April 1837 records: in the kutans they "burned a considerable quantity of the grain found in them"; near Shali the troops "seized the watchmen present at them and a multitude of food supplies"; and Birzul's column burned "several hundred chetverts of the grain found in them" (chetvert - an old grain measure of about 210 liters)

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Pillage

  and livestock of various kinds and property were seized from many of them"

  The April raid on the Gertli settlement, according to the report of 30 May, took "465 head of small livestock"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  …to Minister of War Chernyshev: in February a road was cut "in the forests through the Qachqalyq mountains along the Michik and between the auls of Kazbek and Aku-yurt"; the report of 12 April notes that the March march went "by the clearing cut by him in February of this year"; Feze himself moved at the end of February "working the pack trail into a road fit for the passage of all kinds of loads"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Labor Exploitation

  Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 4 March 1837 records: on 21 February "the inhabitants of six neighboring auls declared their submission and sent out workers to cut, together with the Kumyks, a road in the forests through the Qachqalyq mountains along the Michik"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Collective Punishment

  By the April 1837 raid on the Gertli settlement the troops of General Feze imposed a collective property levy on the whole village: according to Rozen's report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 30 May, on top of the livestock taken during the raid "a fine of 132 head of livestock was imposed on the settlement"

• Attempted bribery of Shamil with a promise of power over Dagestan to secure his appearance before Nicholas I in Tiflis, and the summoning of the Chechen imam Tashu-Hadji (1837) — technique Bribery of Elites

  In parallel, general Feze instructed Akhmed Khan of Mekhtuli "to persuade Shamil to arrive in Tiflis by the time of His Majesty's arrival there", as general Rozen reported to Chernyshev on 25 September 1837