Catalogue · ID 109

Акты собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею. Том XII (1856-1862)

Author: Кавказская археографическая комиссия
Year of publication: 1904
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: free (public domain: published in 1904)

What is here

Same folder on GitHub

Where we got it

Original source: https://web.archive.org/web/20250912093519/http://apsnyteka.org/381-akak_i_xii.html

The text was transcribed by us from a scan or saved from the source page; the original file is kept alongside so the transcription can be checked.

File fingerprints

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 15 places.

Campaigns

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859)

  …of War Sukhozanet of 25 March 1857 he explained the purpose of the clearing: it "took away from the unsubmissive their broad fields, the places of their crops, and, having cut apart, so to speak, the unsubmissive population that nested in forests hitherto inaccessible, put it under the necessity of seeking salvation either by flight into the mountains or by coming out to us onto the glades"

Procedures

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  The auls have been finally destroyed, the orchards felled, and the Geldygen clearing laid out 750 sazhens wide" - about one and a half kilometers (a sazhen is just over two meters)

  The purpose of the clearings was reported by General Yevdokimov, who commanded the Chechen Detachment, to Minister of War Sukhozanet in a report of 25 March 1857: the clearing "took away from the unsubmissive their broad fields, the places of their crops", and confronted the population with a choice - "to seek salvation either by flight into the mountains or by coming out to us onto the glades"

  On 19 March 1857 General Nikolai seized the Goytemir Gates - the passage into Aukh and Ichkeria (Chechen regions in the northeast and southeast): the report explains the task - "To destroy this nest of brigands and open the approaches into Aukh and Ichkeria, it was necessary to take possession of the Goytemir-Kapu tract and build a clearing there"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  to annihilate auls, so as to take away from the Chechens the very thought of the possibility of remaining at the site of their former dwelling"

  sent to Umakhan-yurt"

  To the report on this campaign Emperor Alexander II replied with approval "for the completely successful conclusion of the 1st period of the winter campaign"

  In November 1857 the same journal summed up the expedition against Salatavia, bordering on Chechnya: "Salatavia has been devastated and burned, so that its inhabitants will now have to settle at the sites of the former Salatavian auls along the Sulak"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Artificial Famine

  The choice the policy left open is formulated in the report of General Yevdokimov, who commanded the Chechen Detachment, of 25 March 1857: flight into the mountains - or coming out "to us onto the glades"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  That same day Yevdokimov "inspected the site on which the main fortification was to be built, and at once ordered that its laying-out begin"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  - the same journal of Yevdokimov dates this to 7 August and explains the cause: "As soon as the Shatoy people saw that the Tavlintsy were abandoning them and that we intended to entrench ourselves firmly in the territory we had occupied, they at once sent deputies to me with an offer of submission and a request for permission to settle at the sites of their former auls"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Deportation

  To the plain, that is down to the lowland under surveillance, people were driven at once: in December 1857 up to 400 households that had come out of the auls being annihilated were sent under troop cover to Umakhan-yurt

  After the taking of Vedeno General Yevdokimov ordered his subordinate Nostitz "to proceed with the resettlement of the Chechens living between the Khulkhulau and the Gudermes": on 8 April 1859 "up to 300 families who lived in the nearest hamlets on the right bank of the Khulkhulau at once appeared in the camp with their belongings and livestock"

  Resistance to the resettlement is recorded by the imperial documents themselves: naib (district governor under the imam) Osman "several times attempted to pass by the detachment onto the plain and tried to obstruct the resettlement of the Chechens"

  For the auls of the upper Fortanga and Assa, forced into capitulation in November 1858, the eviction was set with a deferral: "to remain in the places they occupy for another three months; with early spring they will move out onto the plain of Lesser Chechnya into the Galash society"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Economic Blockade

  544): for the refusal to hand over captives "I declared the Benoy people and their neighbors unsubmissive, deprived of the protection of Russian laws, and ordered the surrounding population to seize them as captives and to take away their livestock"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  …journal, "found it more advantageous to put the peaceful native population to use": naib (district governor under the imam) Saib-Dulla with more than two thousand armed Chechens forced into surrender the auls of the upper Fortanga and Assa, which "handed over to Saib-Dulla 27 Russian captives and amanats from the best families" (an amanat - a person the empire took from a community as a hostage)

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  compelled the Ichkerians to declare unconditional submission"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  In June 1860 the troops devastated the aul of Dzhumsoy, abandoned by its inhabitants: according to a July 1860 report from the commander of the troops of the Terek oblast to the Viceroy, it was "devastated to the ground, and part of the crops annihilated"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Deportation

  The Akki mountain society was deported in its entirety in July 1860: according to an imperial report, "The mutinous Akkins were dispersed among the Galash people and other neighboring tribes; their dwellings were destroyed"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  A report of 6 August 1860 from the commander of the Caucasus Army to the Minister of War records, concerning the deported Akkins: "the land they occupied has been declared state property, and thus the matter of the Akkins has been settled conclusively"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  but on the condition that he not be in the same town as Atabai"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Hostage-Taking

  In devastated Dzhumsoy in June 1860 the troops spared those who handed over hostages: "left untouched were those houses and plowlands whose owners appeared at their places and handed over amanats" (an amanat is a person whom the empire took from a community as a hostage, to keep it in obedience by the threat of reprisal against the one taken)