Catalogue · ID 126

Движение горцев северо-восточного Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX века: сборник документов

Author: Гаджиев В. Г., Рамазанов X. X.
Year of publication: 1959
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: free: document (a collection of 19th-century documents, texts in the public domain)

What is here

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Where we got it

Edition: https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80.html?id=c4xizwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y

The text was transcribed by us from a scan or saved from the source page; the original file is kept alongside so the transcription can be checked.

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 58 places.

Campaigns

• Coercion of Devastated Zandak into Subordination and Tribute by Colonel Pullo (1836)

  In a report to General Petrov dated 27 August 1836 he admitted: "Being certain that the inhabitants of Zandak, following the common custom of the Chechens, would ask for submission after punishment, and considering such submission useful for the government, I did not order the village burned"

  The same report recorded the mechanism of coercion: the devastation of Zandak, which had been considered impregnable, "brought both the inhabitants of the village and all those living in its vicinity into fear and despondency"

  not to permit rebellious gatherings among themselves, to deliver our captives in exchange for their own taken during the devastation of Zandak, and to pay, on a par with the Aukhovites and other submissive tribes, the established tribute"

  Pullo assessed the outcome as the conqueror's gain: "All the above-stated consequences arising from the devastation of the Zandak people have produced important advantages for us"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836)

  The pretext for the punishment was declared to be hospitality: the village's inhabitants "had harbored the rebel Tashov-Hadji"

  Surrounded at dawn, the village was exterminated together with its people: those fleeing "were caught or exterminated", while "the inhabitants, having barricaded themselves in their houses with their families, were put to the bayonet"

  Rozen himself summed up the outcome: "Upon the occupation of the village of Kishkeroy-Yurt, 76 bodies of the slain were found in it, and 40 souls of both sexes were taken captive; all the property of the inhabitants and the weapons taken from the slain fell to our troops"

  The village of 63 households, "with a considerable stock of grain and hay," was put to the torch in the middle of winter

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837)

  General Feze stated the calculation openly - he acted "with the intention of making use, as far as possible, of the panic fear" (report to Velyaminov of 15 March 1837)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840)

  Handing over the command, Pullo summed it up in a memorandum of 1840: "by threatening all the unsubmissive communities with the annihilation of their property, I instilled in them such fear, brought them to such a state, that one after another they began to submit"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840)

  The empire answered with punitive marches throughout 1840: the troops of general Galafeyev, who had taken over the left flank of the Caucasus Line, and of general Grabbe burned dozens of auls of Lesser and Greater Chechnya, destroyed crops and stores before winter, and dictated to the insurgents the "Conditions prescribed to submitting highlanders"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846)

  It is quite probable that the Chechens, having remained inactive for a long time, will become tamer""

  Should not we too try this system?""

Procedures

• Coercion of Devastated Zandak into Subordination and Tribute by Colonel Pullo (1836) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  The subordination was engineered by the devastation itself: in a report to General Petrov dated 27 August 1836, Pullo admitted: "Being certain that the inhabitants of Zandak, following the common custom of the Chechens, would ask for submission after punishment, and considering such submission useful for the government, I did not order the village burned"

  The same report recorded the state in which the village went to its subordination: the devastation "brought both the inhabitants of the village and all those living in its vicinity into fear and despondency"

  The elders sent "a plea to be accepted into submission to the Russian government", and subjecthood was formalized on terms dictated by the empire: loyalty, a complete break with Tashu-Hadji, the leader of the Chechen resistance, a ban on assemblies, the handover of Russian captives in exchange for the inhabitants of Zandak seized during the devastation, and the established tribute

• Coercion of Devastated Zandak into Subordination and Tribute by Colonel Pullo (1836) — technique Taxation

  In a report to General Petrov dated 27 August 1836, Pullo recorded the obligation accepted by the elders at the Groznaya fortress: "to pay, on a par with the Aukhovites and other submissive tribes, the established tribute"

  The tribute was not the village's counter-offer but the empire's standing norm for taxing the societies it deemed "submissive"; refusal would have meant the return of the "avenging arms of the Russians" - the village had just survived devastation, the captivity of its inhabitants, and the seizure of its livestock

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Over the four days of the raid, the village was exterminated together with 76 inhabitants and defenders, and 40 people were led away into captivity

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  On 28 December 1836, during the sudden encirclement of Kishkeroy-Yurt, Pullo's troops killed inhabitants who tried to escape, as well as families in their houses: "those seeking salvation in flight were caught or exterminated", "the inhabitants, having barricaded themselves in their houses with their families, were put to the bayonet", and two were smoked out "by straw thrown into the chimneys"

  Upon the occupation of the village, 76 bodies of the slain were found

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  On 29-31 December 1836, Pullo's detachment completely destroyed Kishkeroy-Yurt: "the village of Kishkeroy, consisting of 63 households, with a considerable stock of grain and hay, was put to the torch", and on withdrawing on 31 December Pullo "marched out of Kishkeroy-Yurt, having set fire to the houses that remained undestroyed"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Artificial Famine

  In the course of the extermination of Kishkeroy-Yurt, Pullo's detachment deliberately destroyed the winter stores: the village was burned "with a considerable stock of grain and hay," and the following day part of the detachment "was occupied with the destruction of the hay stored in the surrounding area"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Abduction of People

  In the course of the extermination of Kishkeroy-Yurt on 28-31 December 1836, Pullo's detachment led away 40 inhabitants into captivity: "40 souls of both sexes were taken captive"

• Extermination of the Inhabitants of Kishkeroy-Yurt by Pullo's Detachment: 76 Killed, 40 Captured, Village Burned with Its Stores (December 1836) — technique Pillage

  In the course of the extermination of Kishkeroy-Yurt on 28-31 December 1836, Pullo's detachment appropriated the inhabitants' property, including weapons taken from the bodies of the slain: "all the property of the inhabitants and the weapons taken from the slain fell to our troops"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837) — technique Terror

  Feze himself reported the calculation to General Velyaminov on 15 March 1837: he acted "with the intention of making use, as far as possible, of the panic fear" that had gripped "the Tavlins and the Andians" after the battle at Avtury

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Hostage-Taking

  were spent yearly on the upkeep of amanats"

  …warranty, amanats "must without fail, according to their age, be transferred into cantonists or convict companies, replacing the departed with other amanats" - child hostages to be handed into the cantonists (a military estate into which the empire forcibly enrolled minors), adults into convict companies (forced labor under military escort); in the memorandum of 1840 this is recorded as a plan

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Taxation

  Pullo in a memorandum of 1840: "As the highland communities were subjugated, each handed over amanats, paid a tribute of one silver ruble per saklia, handed over all Russian captives held by it" (saklia - a highlander's house: the tribute was levied on every house; amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls to control them)

  …Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX века» together with Pullo's memorandum, calls the tribute a punishment outright: the Qachqalyq people, the Michik Chechens and the Aukhovites (Chechen communities of eastern Chechnya) "pay a tribute imposed on them as punishment for repeated revolts", and the Chechens living beyond the Sunzha river, "as punishment for revolt, have been burdened with a tribute"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Economic Blockade

  Pullo in a memorandum of 1840: the overseers appointed by the empire over the auls (the pristavs) and the troops "cut off the relations of the submitted with the unsubdued and forbade the former to sell bread to the nemirnye and to pasture their cattle on their fields" ("nemirnye" - in the imperial lexicon, auls that had not submitted to the empire)

  The permitted trade was driven under control: "In Kizlyar and at some other points trading fairs opened" - exchange took place only at points controlled by the empire

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  …road, in the direction from the Groznaya fortress through Martan, Achkhoy and Kurchali to the Military-Georgian road, and in the other direction through Germenchuk, Geldygen and along the Michik into highland Chechnya, altogether over a stretch of 165 versts" (the listed names are Chechen villages and rivers from the Groznaya fortress to mountain Chechnya; a verst is slightly over a kilometer)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Terror

  From 1834 to 1840 the auls of the Michik people, the Aukhovites and the Salatavians that had broken away, of Greater and Lesser Chechnya, and the never-subjugated villages of the Ichkerians and the Gumbetovians recognized the authority of the Russian government" (the listed names are highland communities of Chechnya and neighboring Dagestan)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  …is a monetary penalty; amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls; the "annihilation" of a village in the imperial lexicon means the destruction of its buildings and property, not of its inhabitants); auls suspected of ties with the resistance "were immediately punished with fines, with the arrest of ill-intentioned people, and in extreme cases even with the annihilation of auls"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Forced Disarmament

  Khasmagomadov count about one and a half thousand from the archives)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  …the documentary collection «Движение горцев северо-восточного Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX века», records the outcome for the Ako community (the Akintsy - a Chechen community in the upper reaches of the Gekhi river): "Declared submission in 1839, handed over amanats and pledged to pay a tribute of one silver ruble per house" (amanats - hostages whom the empire took away from the auls to control them)

  that one after another they began to submit"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  In May 1839 general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), invaded Ichkeria (mountainous south-eastern Chechnya); he named the goal himself in a report to Minister of War Chernyshev of 10 May 1839: "to punish both this village [Benoy] and all other unsubmissive villages"

  for the strict punishment of the mutinous Chechens"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Military Intervention

  General Pullo, who commanded the left flank of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), reported on 9 March 1840 about marching out against the insurgents: "I set out yesterday for Khankala with 5 companies" (Khankala - a tract by the Groznaya fortress)

  The second deployment was a detachment on the Sunzha river: an imperial instruction of 25 March 1840 set it the task of "keeping the Karabulaks in submission" (the Karabulaks - a Vainakh community between Chechnya and Ingushetia; "submission" - the empire's formula of subordination)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Disarmament

  The system was conceived by Pullo himself: in his 1840 memorandum he wrote that it was then that "a beginning was laid to the system of disarming the highlanders, by levying one gun from every 10 saklias from all the auls"

  Pullo himself, in his memorandum of 1840, reported the seizure of "upwards of 1900 rifles"

  In June 1840 the seizure of weapons was fixed as a norm: point 9 of the "Conditions prescribed to submitting highlanders", issued by general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line, on 15 June 1840, prescribed "To hand over one good rifle from every 10 saklias, as a pledge of their submission" (saklia - a highlander's house)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Taxation

  …the "Conditions prescribed to submitting highlanders", issued by general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line, on 15 June 1840, prescribed "As punishment for participation in Shamil's uprising, to pay a fine of two rams from every saklia" (saklia - a highlander's house; Shamil - the imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Hostage-Taking

  entered there himself and took five new amanats"

  The commander of the troops reserves to himself to designate how many and from which families the said amanats must be handed over" - and close with a threat: "the amanats of unsubmissive auls are exiled to Siberia"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  burned both villages" (Shali and Germenchuk), "on 7 October the detachment burned 5 hamlets attached to the aul of Shali", and of Said-Yurt, the hamlet of Ersenei and the village of Avtury on 10 October: "gave them to the flames and annihilated the houses and all the property of the inhabitants"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Artificial Famine

  On 14 March 1840 general Piryatinsky, commander of the centre of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), reported: "throughout Chechnya there is no grain at all, the people suffer great extremity from famine"

  Three weeks later, on 8 April 1840, general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line, by an instruction to general Galafeyev sanctioned the ban the latter had introduced: "Your directive concerning the prohibition of the sale of grain I fully approve, and I permit you to extend this prohibition to all those parts of the region entrusted to you where you deem it necessary"

  In autumn the stores were annihilated just before winter: the imperial survey of 27 October 1840 records that the troops marched, "having annihilated on their way a very considerable quantity of stores of food and hay"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  Grabbe's expedition against them in 1839, declared their submission, but such is hardly consolidated" - the doubt about the firmness of the "submission" belongs to the imperial document itself

  Otherwise our troops will pass everywhere...", and on 15 June - the twelve points of the "Conditions prescribed to submitting highlanders", whose second point is the oath: "To take an oath of submission to the Russian emperor, and to present the oath sheets through the elders to the Russian authorities" (elders - the heads of aul communities)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Public Repentance

  General Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), in an appeal to the insurgents of 14 June 1840 demanded repentance: "Come to your senses and save yourselves now by sincere repentance and immediate submission" ("submission" - the imperial formula of subordination)

  The next day, 15 June 1840, he issued the "Conditions prescribed to submitting highlanders", whose point 8 prescribed that the insurgent auls "renounce all participation in the pernicious teaching of Shamil" (Shamil - the imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest; "pernicious teaching" - the imperial label for muridism, the religious movement of the resistance)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  A surrendering aul was accepted under the empire's power only together with this structure

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Labor Exploitation

  Point 4 prescribed: "in case of a detachment's movement to allot people for building roads and bridges, to keep at the pristav's disposal a sufficient number of people for carrying papers or orders from one aul to another, to give mounted men for escort duty" (pristav - a superintendent over the auls appointed by the empire)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Resource Exploitation

  Point 4 prescribed: "At the pristav's demand to provide arbas or donkeys for hauling loads"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Restriction of Settlement Geography

  Point 5 prescribed: "Not to move from one aul to another for permanent residence without the permission of the local authorities"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Surrender of Fugitives and Rebels

  Point 8 prescribed: "Not to give refuge in their auls to abreks, murids and unsubdued highlanders" (abrek - the imperial label for a highlander declared an outlaw; murids - the imam's disciples and warriors); point 11: "To hand over all Russian prisoners and runaways staying in the mountains" - by runaways the empire meant its own soldiers and serfs who had gone over to the highlanders

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  In April 1840 an imperial directive prescribed "to sequester the Aukh herds wherever they are found at pasture in the Kumyk domain" (the Aukhovites - a Chechen community in the north-east, by the Kumyk border)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Economic Blockade

  On 7 May 1841 general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), sent to six sector commanders of the line an instruction "to take the strictest measures so that no gunpowder, sulphur, lead or any other supplies be passed to the unsubmissive highlanders, and on our side to keep unflagging and constant watch over the execution of this"

  The blockade's effect was admitted by the imperial memorandum "On the political condition of Chechnya" attached to the report of general Neidhardt, head of the empire's troops in the Caucasus, of 20 November 1843: the Chechens lack cloth, iron and salt, and "the cause of this must be sought in the cessation of trade ties with the Russians, and not in a shortage of means of subsistence"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Forced Surrender of Fugitives and Rebels

  …troops and administration in the Caucasus), the order of emperor Nicholas I: the local command was to ""demand the return of the servicemen who had hidden among the highlanders who had declared their submission to us"", and from the communities that had not submitted to obtain the surrender through need - ""to endeavour to induce the unsubmitted to hand over deserters in exchange for salt""

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Hostage-Taking

  if there is a suspicion that some village wants to flee, then at once to take from it a large number of amanats, so that the inhabitants themselves should feed them"" (an amanat is a person whom the empire took from a community as a hostage; the threat of reprisal against the one taken held the family and the whole aul in submission)

  The same report admits what the empire holds the people with: ""Winter and the amanats restrain them, at the present time, from fleeing to Chechnya""

  …of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest), provincial secretary Limmerman instructed the district assessors (officials of the district administration) ""to detain here, under a plausible pretext, all the Kistins who wintered in Tusheti and on the Alvani field"" (Tusheti and the Alvani field are a mountain region and a plain in north-eastern Georgia)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  There is no doubt that through the elimination of this enterprising associate of Shamil we would rid ourselves of one of his most dangerous instruments, and the pacification of Chechnya would then be a far less difficult matter"

  Olshevsky", commander of the left flank of the line

  The sentences of the court, upon final confirmation by me, are to be carried out without delay" (qadi - a Muslim judge)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Creation of Agents of Influence

  to settle among the resettlers located by the fortification"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Bribery of Elites

  Should not we too try this system?"

  I consider it necessary for the chief authority here to have at its disposal up to 15 thousand chervonets in ready money" (chervonets - a gold coin of the empire; muridism - in the imperial lexicon, the highlanders' resistance movement)

  …Nicholas I approved the fund above the request: by an official service letter of Chernyshev to general Neidhardt, who had replaced Golovin at the head of the empire's troops in the Caucasus, "concerning your designs for secret dealings with the highlanders" it was commanded "instead of the 10 thousand chervonets you requested for this purpose, to assign to your charge 15 thousand chervonets"

  I would consider it just to assign a reward"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Creation of Puppet Religious Institutions

  400 rubles in silver in all and post-horses for four horses to the Groznaya fortress, charging this expense to the extraordinary sum"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Military Intervention

  You must penetrate into the mountains, rout Shamil wherever he stands against you, annihilate everything that resists you, but spare everything that submits without a fight" - and added, on bribery: "Scatter money, trying to attract to our side people who have influence over the tribes"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  In spring 1844 raids were ordered by general Neidhardt, head of the empire's troops in the Caucasus: to gather troops in the Groznaya fortress "for the conduct of brief and sudden raids into the nearest auls of Greater Chechnya" and to act "not only for menacing, but also for the punishment of unsubmissive auls" (instruction to the commander of the Nazran detachment of 5 April 1844)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Terror

  …1844 prescribed fear as the goal of the troops' actions: "by the simultaneous appearance and actions of detachments from different sides, along the whole extent of the theatres of revolt, to spread fear over the entire population, and, keeping the Chechens in their homes, to prevent them from giving help to the Lezgin tribes" (Lezgin tribes - in the imperial lexicon, the highlanders of Dagestan)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  An imperial report named the function of Achkhoy: "The building of a fortification on the Fortanga, almost in the heart of Lesser Chechnya, amid its granary plains, cannot fail to have influence on its subjugation"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  to gather for their own benefit, the houses remaining in the localities to be dismantled and carried off to the stanitsas" (line Cossacks - the Cossack troops of the empire's border line)

  The same report records the division of spoils: 800 rams seized by lieutenant-colonel Bekovich-Cherkassky (of a Kabardian ruling family, in Russian service) while pursuing the fleeing inhabitants of Mizhi-Yurt and Kozhakhi "were ordered to be distributed as a reward to those inhabitants of the said two villages who remained devoted to us"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Restriction of Settlement Geography

  The "Report of the chancellery for the administration of peaceable highlanders" (not earlier than July 1841) records the directive: "to announce to the fugitive Chechens that they have forever lost the right to settle in the places they occupied before their flight"

  lieutenant-colonel Bekovich-Cherkassky (of a Kabardian ruling family, in Russian service, set over the Terek-side auls) "was instructed not to receive Chechens returning from flight without permission"

  The left bank of the Sunzha and the expanse up to the Terek are designated for the establishment of Cossack stanitsas and their supply with land"

  Vorontsov, viceroy and commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, in a report of summer 1846 recorded the course and the hitch of the policy: "The resettlement of the inhabitants of Lesser Chechnya onto the plain near the fortification under construction does not yet have proper success"

  … 1 more

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Implantation of Officials and Military Personnel

  Kozlovsky stationed there one company of infantry with one gun and set up there a post of 25 mounted Kumyks"" (the Kumyks - a neighbouring Turkic people from whom the empire recruited mounted guards)

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  …Minister of War Chernyshev in an official letter (otnosheniye) of 25 October 1847: "These clearings, together with those cut in the winter of 1845-1846, make it possible to penetrate Chechnya from several directions and punish hostile auls; constrained in their means of life, seeing their constant failures, the Chechens waver, and a large number of families are already resettling into our bounds"

  Emperor Nicholas I placed the resolution "Agreed" on the dispatch (6 November 1847; with one organizational reservation - on the impossibility of forming new line battalions)

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Creation of Economic Hopelessness

  Vorontsov, viceroy and commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, reported to Minister of War Chernyshev in an official letter (otnosheniye) of 25 October 1847: "constrained in their means of life, seeing their constant failures, the Chechens waver, and a large number of families are already resettling into our bounds"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Migratory Replacement

  The empire planned the continuation of colonization in writing: Vorontsov, viceroy in the Caucasus, in an official letter (otnosheniye) to Minister of War Chernyshev of 25 October 1847, reckoned that after the felling of the forests and "the removal from there of the hostile Chechen auls," "in 1849 it will be possible to lay the beginning of the settlement of the 2nd Sunzha regiment"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Hostage-Taking

  On 3 February the son of Endirey was delivered as an amanat to the pristav" (an amanat is a person whom the empire took from a community as a hostage)

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Deportation

  separately, according to the journal of military operations of no later than 9 April 1859, "the Ichkerians, Aukhovites and Salatavians, having gathered in great numbers, wanted to obstruct the resettlement" of the inhabitants from the Aksai

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  On 19 August 1859 commander-in-chief Baryatinsky gave "preliminary consent to the allotment of lands in Chechnya and on the Kumyk plain" to Sub-lieutenant Askhanov, Lieutenant colonel Chermoyev and Penzulayev