Catalogue · ID 129

Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля

Author: Покровский Н. И.
Year of publication: 2009
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: free (the author N. I. Pokrovsky died in 1942, the term of protection has expired)

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Edition: https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC.html?id=OR8qAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

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Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 39 places.

Campaigns

• Failed Attempt at Religious Subjugation of the Highlanders to the Empire through the Hiring of the Preacher Taj ad-Din Mustafin (1836-1841)

  The preacher's task was formulated openly: "to turn the highlanders onto the true path, subordinate them to the Russian government, and destroy or hand over Shamil to us alive" (Shamil - imam, leader of the Dagestani and Chechen highlanders' resistance to the Russian conquest)

  The project failed: Golovin, who succeeded Rozen, agreed to release the preacher based on a report by Minister of War Chernyshev of 13 November 1841 - "the teaching of Tajudin Effendi over the course of 6 years did not change the highlanders' attitude toward us in the slightest"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840)

  …admitted by general Golovin himself - in a memorandum of 26 April 1841 on the results of the previous year's expedition: "In vain did we expect that after the destruction, in last year's expedition, of the highlanders' food stores, their villages and various property, hunger, cold and extreme poverty would shake the fierce power of the instigator" ("instigator" - the imperial label for Shamil)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846)

  Pokrovsky formulates the policy's calculation from the documents: ""Starving Chechnya, by tsarism's reckoning, was to surrender in order to restore trade relations and obtain grain""

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851)

  What took place was an outright massacre"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857)

  Pokrovsky

Procedures

• Failed Attempt at Religious Subjugation of the Highlanders to the Empire through the Hiring of the Preacher Taj ad-Din Mustafin (1836-1841) — technique Creation of Puppet Religious Institutions

  Pokrovsky wrote: "a broad project emerges for subordinating the entire mountain Sunni clergy to a special spiritual person"; the task set was "to turn the highlanders onto the true path, subordinate them to the Russian government, and destroy or hand over Shamil to us alive" (Shamil - imam, leader of the Dagestani and Chechen highlanders' resistance to the Russian conquest)

  Only the establishment of the post, the appointment, and the preacher's years-long payment took place; subordinating the clergy did not succeed: "The preacher did not dare to show himself in the mountains"

  The empire wound down the project only six years later: Golovin, who succeeded Rozen, agreed to release Mustafin based on a report by Minister of War Chernyshev of 13 November 1841 - "the teaching of Tajudin Effendi over the course of 6 years did not change the highlanders' attitude toward us in the slightest"

• Failed Attempt at Religious Subjugation of the Highlanders to the Empire through the Hiring of the Preacher Taj ad-Din Mustafin (1836-1841) — technique Creation of Agents of Influence

  the response is cited by the historian Pokrovsky: "I instruct you that you shall not travel about in these lands without our permission, and if you are not foolish, you should withdraw before harm is done to you"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Administrative Corruption and Extortion

  …of War Chernyshev to general Neidhardt, who soon headed the empire's troops in the Caucasus, on 2 April 1842, summed it up: "taking advantage of the abuses, the exactions and the indignation arising from the confiscation of weapons, Shamil little by little stirred all Chechnya to revolt" (Shamil - imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  Pokrovsky showed the mechanics of the split: the office of pristav was unpaid, so only "certain representatives of strong families" could take it, and they "took advantage of the opportunity to use their power for further accumulation"; "by creating in Chechnya a local administration, Chechen by nationality, tsarism hoped to create at the same time the Chechen 'aristocracy' it so needed"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Pokrovsky: "From 6 to 14 July general Galafeyev passed through Lesser Chechnya with fire and sword"

  Galafeyev's detachment passed through Greater Chechnya (the lowland eastern part of Chechnya) from 26 September to 18 October; Grabbe's detachments - through Lesser Chechnya from 27 October to 5 November and through Greater Chechnya from 10 to 18 November

  Pokrovsky conveys the calculation of the last expedition from Grabbe's dispatches: "He counted on the stunning impression of this expedition"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Pokrovsky: "On 27 October Grabbe marched into Lesser Chechnya, devastated Gekhi, on 4 November laid waste the auls situated along the Sunzha"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Artificial Famine

  …in the Caucasus), admitted the calculation in a memorandum of 26 April 1841: "In vain did we expect that after the annihilation, in last year's expedition, of the highlanders' food stores, their villages and various property, famine, cold and extreme destitution would shake the fierce power of the instigator" ("instigator" - the empire's label for Shamil, leader of the highlanders' resistance)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Expropriation of Resources

  Pokrovsky, names among the causes of the 1840 uprising "the endowment of prince Bekovich-Cherkassky with lands owned by the Chechens" (Bekovich-Cherkassky - a Kabardian prince in Russian service)

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Creation of Agents of Influence

  Pokrovsky writes from imperial military materials: "Akhverdy-Magoma replaced the chief of the guard posts between the Argun and the Sunzha, Mulla-Gazi, who had been a secret agent of the tsarist government" (Akhverdy-Magoma - the deputy of the imam in Lesser Chechnya; the Argun and the Sunzha - rivers in Chechnya)

  Gaksfort": the agent reported that Shamil was convening a council of naibs (the imam's deputies) in Dargo, the imam's residence

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Imposition of Its Own Picture of Reality

  has burdened you with heavy taxes..." (murtazigats - mounted warriors of the Imamate's standing army)

  Pokrovsky described briefly: "But the wails did not help" - by wails he means these imperial exhortations themselves

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Military Intervention

  Pokrovsky: "In a six-day battle in the dense Ichkerian forests Grabbe suffered a decisive defeat"

  Khasmagomadov - "an army of 21 thousand soldiers and officers with 42 artillery pieces"

  The march ended in catastrophe: "Of the 9500 men who made up Vorontsov's detachment, 3510 men were put out of action, among them 3 generals, 28 staff officers and 158 line officers"

  The fate of Dargo itself the sources convey differently: according to Pokrovsky, the troops found the aul "cleared and set alight by the murids themselves"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Pokrovsky writes - "on 6 June he occupied Yaryksu, on the 7th - Kishen, which was being devastated for three days"

  At the end of September 1841 the detachments of Grabbe and lieutenant colonel Nesterov passed through the upper reaches of the Assa river - a march which, according to Pokrovsky, "was accompanied by annihilations of auls"

  Pokrovsky states the goal of these marches: "to intimidate the Chechens by expeditions"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Torture and Abuse

  Mangled by being dragged along the stony road, he died the next day"; a second captive was bayoneted

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  This time the object of annihilation was the Gekhi forest, and the clearing established communication between the rivers Gekhinka and Valerik"

  The goal was formulated by Vorontsov, viceroy in the Caucasus: to destroy the influence of Shamil (the imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest) and to "tear the Chechens away from him", without whom he would mean nothing

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Pokrovsky writes of 1841: "in summer and autumn the Russian command feverishly strengthens the Sunzha Line: in July - August they build the fortification of Zakan Yurt, and in August - October - the fortification of Kazakh Kichu"

  Pokrovsky names its purpose: "Vozdvizhenskoye was now to become the base for frequent raids on Chechen auls, for winter fellings of the forest in lowland Chechnya"

  Pokrovsky writes - "on 21 September the fortification was razed, the detachment withdrew"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Deportation

  Pokrovsky - "the Aukhovites loyal to tsarism were settled in Kumyk auls, where they quickly fell under the heavy hand of the Kumyk princes"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Pillage

  and the tsarist detachments from time to time swoop on the auls, plunder and burn them"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  The inhabitants who had not managed to flee were slaughtered"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Terror

  What took place was an outright massacre"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  Freytag was clearing and widening the Goyta and Gekhi clearings"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Pokrovsky records the continuation in 1848: "at the beginning of August the fortification of Urus-Martan was founded"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  On 15 June 1851 "a series of hamlets and auls" of the Gekhi gorge was annihilated

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Pokrovsky: "separate short strikes aimed at terrifying the Chechens"

• "Death sentence" for Lesser Chechnya: the massacre of Duba's hamlet, forest clearings, fortresses, annihilation of the population and stanitsas on the sites of burned auls (1847-1851) — technique Economic Control

  On our side the sale of weapons and iron was not permitted" (an amanat is a hostage whom the empire took from a community as a guarantee of its submission)

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Pokrovsky conveys Baryatinsky's report of 21 August 1852 - he "slaughtered its entire population, except for 52 people taken prisoner"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Artificial Famine

  …fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), in a letter to Vorontsov, viceroy in the Caucasus, of 16 August 1852, calculated the effect on the Dagestani cavalry of Imam Shamil, leader of the highlanders' resistance of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest: "in the coming winter expedition Shamil can have almost no Tavlin cavalry in Chechnya, because there will be nothing to feed it with"

  compelled the Chechens to submit to us sooner than any other measures, resettling into our bounds"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Economic Blockade

  Pokrovsky

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Bribery of Elites

  who has often served us as a guide"

  Through Bata, Vorontsov, viceroy in the Caucasus, conveyed ultimatums to the Chechens - in a letter to Baryatinsky of 21 March 1852: "I asked Bata to insistently repeat to the inhabitants of the northern part of Greater Chechnya that we will not allow them to sow or to mow, unless they declare submission"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Creation of Agents of Influence

  Baryatinsky, who commanded the left flank of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), in a letter to Vorontsov, viceroy in the Caucasus, of 4 June 1852 confirmed: "Bata has passed on to me much of interest concerning Shamil's secret intrigues among the Ossetians"

• "Neither plow nor sow": the pogrom of Chechnya, organized famine, the buying-up of elites and the institutions of subjugation (1852-1857) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  This 'Statute' was confirmed by Nicholas I and put into effect" (adats are the customary law of the highlanders; sharia is the Islamic law on which the court of the Imamate was built)

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Artificial Famine

  Pokrovsky writes of Lesser Chechnya (the lowland-piedmont western part of Chechnya): its inhabitants "as early as the beginning of the fifties had been driven by Russian troops into the mountain wilds and doomed to starvation" (campaign C1166)

  The clearings continued the same work: "The clearing of the Gekhi proseka gives Yevdokimov the opportunity to lay waste the fields of those of the Lesser Chechnya people who had not yet brought submission, hiding in the mountains"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  The Aukhovites could not hold out and surrendered, 'brought submission'"

  on 4 July he crossed Mesken-Duk and penetrated into the Shatoy society"

  In February 1859 the troops approached Vedeno, the capital of the Imamate and residence of imam Shamil (leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest) - the fortress fell on 1 April 1859

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  Pokrovsky

  By mid-April the Russian command can definitively declare the conquest of Lesser Chechnya completed"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  Pokrovsky, "was instilling order and establishing the first principles of administration in the newly submitting societies; victims persecuted by the people sought refuge with him"

  Pokrovsky summed up the outcome: "the heads of the tsarist administration in Chechnya and Dagestan after 1859 are persons well known to us as Shamil's naibs"