Catalogue · ID 134

1840, 1841 и 1842-й годы на Кавказе

Author: Юров А.
Year of publication: 1886
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: free (public domain: published in 1886)

What is here

Same folder on GitHub

Where we got it

Original source: https://web.archive.org/web/20241215212436/https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Kavkaz/XIX/1840-1860/1840_1841_1842_gody/text1.htm

The text was transcribed by us from a scan or saved from the source page; the original file is kept alongside so the transcription can be checked.

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 18 places.

Campaigns

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840)

  …assisted Shamil as only his true friends could have done"; "Rumors about the true causes of the uprising of Chechnya reached the attention of the Sovereign Emperor", after which general Grabbe, commander of the troops of the Caucasus Line and Pullo's superior, deemed it necessary "to immediately remove, under a plausible pretext, major-general Pullo from the administration of the left flank"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840)

  The result of the year was summed up by the imperial historian Yurov: "The results of the exhausting expeditions of 1840 on the left flank of the Caucasus line fell far short of the expectations of His Majesty the Emperor and the high command; even more - we did not manage to improve the ominous situation one whit, and our prestige fell in this part of the region"

Procedures

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Hostage-Taking

  The taking of hostages went in waves as the troops advanced: the imperial historian Yurov recorded of December 1839 that under the pressure of the detachment even the villages that barred the entrance to the Argun gorge "humbled themselves, handed over amanats" - the troops took people as a "token of submission"

  Yurov described the conditions in which the hostages were kept: "prisoners and even amanats were treated inhumanly, kept in a damp pit, where they often fell ill"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  to carry out in the winter of 1839-1840 a movement into Chechnya, to the Michik and to the Qachqalyq people", and the pristavs themselves "were chosen predominantly, if not exclusively, from among the militiamen" - from the highland militia, armed units of highlanders in the empire's service

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Administrative Corruption and Extortion

  and during expeditions forced collections were permitted"

  according to Yurov, the Chechens "had prepared a petition against him, but did not dare to set it in motion for fear that this general would remain their superior as before"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Labor Exploitation

  …of the December 1839 expedition that under the pressure of the detachment the inhabitants of the auls "felled forest by allotment at Gekhi, at the Valerik tract and between the villages of Shali and Malaya Ataga" (Gekhi, Valerik, Shali, Malaya Ataga - Chechen villages and tracts; "by allotment" - by a forced apportionment imposed by the troops alongside the tribute and the surrender of weapons)

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  …Caucasus), for 1840 prescribed "to build a fortification at Cherkey and near old Aksai (at Gerzel-aul)" - Gerzel-aul stands on the border of Chechnya and the Kumyk plain; the construction went on all winter: the imperial historian Yurov writes that in March 1840 Pullo was personally "at Gerzel-aul to bring it into a better defensive condition", and the fortification "was finished after a fashion"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  The offices of the overseers appointed by the empire over the auls (the pristavs) were handed by the empire to Chechens themselves: the imperial historian Yurov writes that the pristavs "were chosen predominantly, if not exclusively, from among the militiamen" - from the highland militia, armed units of highlanders in the empire's service

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  in the January march along the Michik the troops took 30 more people

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  After the uprising the punitive actions continued: in late April 1840 the troops marched into Aukh (the Chechen region in the north-east) - the imperial historian Yurov recorded: "Having destroyed the orchards and given the saklias to the flames..." (saklia - a highlander's house)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Disarmament

  The imperial historian Yurov recorded of the December 1839 march: the inhabitants "unquestioningly paid the tribute or, instead of money, handed over weapons"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Taxation

  The imperial historian Yurov tallied the December 1839 march: "In all, during this bloodless military promenade, 3779 rubles and 455 rifles were collected, and 97 abreks, 7 captives and two fugitives were handed over" (abrek - the empire's label for an outlawed highlander)

  and the January 1840 march along the Michik river: the auls "obediently presented 2463 rubles, 545 rifles, cattle for the detachment's provisioning, and handed over 30 abreks"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  After a minor skirmish both villages were levelled to the ground"

  the imperial historian Yurov recorded: "During the rearguard action general Galafeyev managed to take by fighting and annihilate to its foundations the village of Mirti-Irzau", then on 13 November Germenchuk with its hamlets was destroyed, on 15 November - Lachi-Yurt and Indi-Yurt, on 17 November the troops seized and burned Batash-Yurt, the home of Shuaib-Mulla (naib - the deputy of imam Shamil in Greater Chechnya)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Forced Surrender of Fugitives and Rebels

  …of the winter expeditions: the imperial historian Yurov recorded of the outcome of the December 1839 march of general Pullo, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line, through Lesser Chechnya (the lowland-piedmont western part of Chechnya): "97 abreks, 7 prisoners and two runaways were handed over", and of the January 1840 march along the Michik river - the auls "handed over 30 abreks"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Abduction of People

  The imperial historian Yurov recorded: "We took captive several families of the Terek-side Chechens, numbering 35 souls, and seized 150 head of horned cattle" (Terek-side - the Chechens of the left bank of the Terek)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Pillage

  Of the December 1839 march of the detachment of general Pullo, who commanded the left flank of the Caucasus Line (the chain of imperial fortifications on the land of the Nokhchi), the imperial historian Yurov wrote: "on the march the men subsisted on ration cattle taken from the natives by way of fine"

  In November, at the destruction of the aul of Mirti-Irzau, the imperial historian Yurov recorded: "150 head of horned cattle were seized"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  spared at the request of Dukai-qadi" (saklia - a highlander's house; qadi - a Muslim judge)

  In the march to the Assa river at the end of September 1841 the detachment, according to Yurov, "took by fighting and destroyed 8 auls" - among them Gapurgoy-Yurt, Adilgeri-Yurt, Sha-Yurt - and "the stores of maize and hay were burned"

  In the October expedition of 15-30 October 1841 Phan-Kichu, Shalazhi, Magoma-Irzau, Magoma-Yurt, Terga-Yurt, Shuaib-khutor and the auls near Goyta were burned; on 16 October Nurikoy-Yurt was destroyed - Yurov calls it "the most populous and richest Chechen aul"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Deportation

  The imperial historian Yurov recorded: "By 21 June 180 families had gathered in the villages of Aktash and Yurt-Aukh; as a pledge of submission they delivered their most honoured men as amanats and sent their herds to pasture in Salatau" (amanat - a person whom the empire took from a community as a hostage)

  The pressure on the families was two-sided: according to Yurov, the Aukhovites who had gone over to the empire were threatened with reprisal by the Imamate, "one thing remained to them - to hold fast to the Russians"