Catalogue · ID 369

Убийство чечено-ингушского народа. Народоубийство в СССР

Author: Авторханов А. Г.
Year of publication: 1952
Published in: под псевдонимом А. Уралов; Мюнхен
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a 1952 publication under copyright)

Files not published

Where we got it

Edition: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL38612563W/Narodoubiĭstvo_v_SSSR

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 25 places.

Campaigns

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936)

  After the uprising of 1932 the OGPU fabricated the "Chechen nationalist center" - an underground organization that did not exist: thus the empire passed the uprisings off as the fruit of a secret conspiracy

  Avtorkhanov names one by one; the count of the rank-and-file shot is unknown

• The Great Terror in Chechen-Ingushetia (1937-1940)

  Avtorkhanov writes, spent three years fabricating; the military tribunal tried the arrested in 1940

• "Exiled Forever": Life in Special Settlement and Return to an Occupied Homeland (1949-1965)

  By 1952 there were more than a million of them on the lands of the deported peoples of the North Caucasus

Procedures

• Denikin's terror in Chechnya: destroyed auls and 15 thousand dead (1919) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  …Bolshevism", "hence the policy of burning auls and the extermination of the unsubmissive highlanders", and "to break the resistance of the Chechens and the Ingush, Denikin burned to the ground dozens of the largest centers of Chechnya-Ingushetia - Ekazhevo, Dolakovo, Alkhan-Yurt, Chechen-Aul, Ustar-Gardoy, Gudermes, Gerzel-Aul, Stary-Yurt and others" (Ekazhevo and Dolakovo are Ingush villages)

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Avtorkhanov writes of the first days of the uprising: "The insurgents occupied all the village and district institutions, burned the state archives, arrested the district authorities, including the chiefs of the GPU [the political police, a predecessor of today's FSB], in Benoy they also seized the oil fields, and established a provisional people's power"

  On the end of the uprising the sources diverge: in the staff memorandum the seizure of Shali and Goity is dated 11 and 12 December 1929, while the historians place the fall of both centers in mid-January 1930; of the leaders' fate some sources write that they escaped, others - that the insurgent staff in Goity perished

  The insurgents replied that they would return to their auls only when Belov left with his troops"

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Hostage-Taking

  …resorted constantly, and on a wider scale", but "in the history of Soviet Checheno-Ingushetia there was not a single case of the 'amanats' being released when the 'bandit' appeared"; of the fate of both Avtorkhanov writes: the man who appeared voluntarily, "contrary to the solemn promise to spare his life, - was shot, while the 'amanats' were exiled to Siberia, including women and children"

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Avtorkhanov, who worked in Chechnya in those years and later wrote about it in emigration, writes: the killing "was the beginning of a large GPU operation in Chechnya for the liquidation of 'kulak-counter-revolutionary elements and mullah-nationalist ideologues'"

  The Grozny and Rostov krai GPU, Avtorkhanov writes, set the arrest quotas, and the government of the USSR confirmed those quotas

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique False Compromise / Entrapment

  …it created declared to the insurgents in Shali: "responsibility for the events that have occurred lies exclusively with the local functionaries, who acted contrary to the directives of the party and the government", and in the name of the government delegation an address to the Chechen people was read out: "the internal Chechen affairs will henceforth be decided by the Chechen people itself"

  …explanations satisfactory and agreed to return to their homes"; the GPU detachment (the political police, a predecessor of today's FSB) that arrived next spent three days arresting local Soviet functionaries - just as had been promised; Avtorkhanov continues: "and toward one o'clock in the morning of the fourth day they surrounded the house of the former leader of the insurgents, Shita Istamulov"

  After perhaps an hour of hand-to-hand fighting the GPU detachment, numbering up to 150 men, was almost entirely destroyed"

  Following this call, Shali, Goity and Benoy rose again"

  … 2 more

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Manufacturing Criminals

  Avtorkhanov, who worked in Chechnya in those years and later wrote about it in emigration, described the mechanism of the fabrication: "The logic of the Chekists suggested that the culprits and organizers of all the anti-Soviet uprisings should be sought in some single 'nationalist center', into which, undoubtedly, by the same logic, representatives of the internal and foreign Chechen emigration must belong"

  The work, by his words, was taken up by the krai organ of the OGPU under Kursky and Fedotov and the Chechen oblast department of the OGPU under Kraft: "They created this 'counter-revolutionary nationalist center' so skillfully and plausibly that even many of the Chechens believed in its existence"

  But it was precisely these letters that served as 'material evidence' against the 'nationalist center'"

  The arrested were charged with creating a 'counter-revolutionary nationalist center of Chechnya for the preparation and carrying out of an armed uprising'"

  … 2 more

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Sham Trials

  Kraft", and "few of them ever returned to freedom"

• Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Killing of Prisoners and Detainees

  Avtorkhanov, who worked in Chechnya in those years and later wrote about it in emigration, writes that in the case of the "Chechen nationalist center", fabricated by the OGPU (the political police, a predecessor of today's FSB), rank-and-file people were shot as well - how many, it is impossible to establish

• The Great Terror in Chechen-Ingushetia (1937-1940) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Avtorkhanov, who worked in Chechnya in those years and later wrote about it in emigration, writes: "At the beginning of October 1937, accompanied by a large Chekist staff, there arrived in Chechen-Ingushetia a candidate member of the Politburo, chairman of the Party Collegium of the KPK under the TsK and Yezhov's deputy – Shkiryatov"

  Avtorkhanov continues: "Shkiryatov gave the order to arrest all Chechens and Ingush who were members of the Chechen-Ingush oblast committee"

  Avtorkhanov writes of what followed: "Then Shkiryatov's order was extended to all Chechen-Ingush officials, from the chairman of the republic's government down to the chairman of a village soviet"

  Avtorkhanov writes also of the lower floors: "Arrested were also the chairmen of the district executive committees (in the Chechen-Ingush republic there were up to 28 districts), almost all chairmen of village Soviets, of kolkhozes, and their party organizers"

• The Great Terror in Chechen-Ingushetia (1937-1940) — technique Manufacturing Criminals

  …the beginning of the operation: "On the night of 31 July to 1 August 1937, by lists drawn up beforehand by the NKVD, the so-called 'general operation for the removal of anti-Soviet elements' was carried out across all auls and districts"; the Chekists hauled the arrested to Grozny - to the central garage of "Grozneft", to the Stalin club, to the pre-trial detention house of the republic's militia

  Gridasov, head of the Gudermes district department of the NKVD, answered an officer who asked how to arrest a man when there was no material on him: "Material will always be found, so long as he wears a Caucasian hat!"

  Avtorkhanov relates its content: the author of the article "proved that in Chechen-Ingushetia 'bourgeois nationalists' sit in the party leadership and at the head of the government, leading the Chechen-Ingush people down an anti-Soviet path", and the newspaper and the author called on a judge not named by name: "to untangle the bourgeois-nationalist tangle to the end"

  Avtorkhanov writes of what the investigators manufactured out of the arrested: "Over the course of three years the Chekist investigators created the case of a 'bourgeois-nationalist, counter-revolutionary-insurgent, Bukharinite-Trotskyite, terrorist-espionage, anti-Soviet, wrecking organization' – literally so ran the many-storeyed formula of the charge for the top layer of the arrested"

  … 1 more

• The Great Terror in Chechen-Ingushetia (1937-1940) — technique Torture and Abuse

  Avtorkhanov, who worked in Chechnya in those years and later wrote about it in emigration, writes that the investigation of the case of the "bourgeois-nationalist center" lasted three years, and describes its methods: "The investigation was conducted with the application of the physical tortures usual for the whole USSR, with a certain supplement for the specific 'national character'"

  Gisayev, the former secretary of the Ingush obkom VKP(b) Idris Zyazikov, and others"

  Bektemirov"

  Avtorkhanov writes of the result: "By way of this unheard-of inquisition, named the 'preliminary investigation', the Chekists forced up to 90 percent of the members of the 'bourgeois-nationalist center' to sign and even to compose 'sincere confessions' of crimes they had, of course, not committed"

  … 2 more

• The Great Terror in Chechen-Ingushetia (1937-1940) — technique Sham Trials

  Avtorkhanov - a contemporary of the events who wrote in emigration - exactly three years

  Malsagov, Magomed Mamakayev; into the third - a "terrorist group", into which "the Chekists gathered, by the logic of things, young people alone"

  Tuchaev"

  The tribunal sentenced Abdul-Khalim Salamov, Ali Gorchkhanov and Tuchaev to be shot, the rest - to prison terms of 7 to 25 years

  … 2 more

• "Bombs Rained Down on the Auls": Repression and Air Strikes on Mountain Chechnya on the Eve of the Deportation (1941-1942) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Avtorkhanov, who wrote about these events in emigration, testifies: "in the spring of 1942 Soviet aviation twice subjected all of mountain Checheno-Ingushetia to bombing," and "in the auls of Shatoy, Itum-Kale and Galanchozh the inhabitants killed by aerial bombing and by the Bolsheviks' artillery shelling outnumbered those left alive"

  Avtorkhanov adds: "In those days, when Stalin was arranging this hell over his own people, not a single German had yet set foot in the Caucasus"

• "Bombs Rained Down on the Auls": Repression and Air Strikes on Mountain Chechnya on the Eve of the Deportation (1941-1942) — technique Imposition of Its Own Picture of Reality

  Avtorkhanov, writing in emigration, dates the release from service to February 1942 and renders the order's motivation in the words "the Chechens and Ingush, by religious conviction, refuse to eat pork"

• "Bombs Rained Down on the Auls": Repression and Air Strikes on Mountain Chechnya on the Eve of the Deportation (1941-1942) — technique Use as Cannon Fodder

  Avtorkhanov, who wrote about these events in emigration, names them one by one: "On the initiative of the Chechen Soviet general Supyan Mollaev, the Ingush colonel Abadiev, Major Visantov, Captain Akhtaev and others, the Soviet government permitted the Chechen-Ingush republic to recruit volunteers"

  Take them as your example of how to defend the Motherland!"

  Avtorkhanov writes: "They were uniformed by the Chechen-Ingush republic itself, and from there they received their provisions as well"

  Of the fighters' weapons and footwear he writes: "the entire armament of these divisions consisted of sabers alone and of chance rifles of the most varied systems"

  … 2 more

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Imposition of Its Own Picture of Reality

  Therefore the Checheno-Ingush Republic is to be liquidated and its population deported" - and calls it calculated "for the ignorance of the Soviet people and the unawareness of the West"

  Against this version he sets two facts: "during the Second World War not once did a German soldier set foot on the territory of the Checheno-Ingush Republic, save for the brief occupation of the border settlement of Malgobek, populated by Russians," and "the Chechens and Ingush were physically unable to join German formations, since there was no compulsory conscription in Checheno-Ingushetia"

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Deportation

  The whole action was carried out in two or three hours"

  within literally 24 hours the entire population of the Checheno-Ingush Republic was placed under arrest, and its loading into prisoner trains began, for dispatch to an unknown destination," while the decree liquidating the republic "was published backdated" - two years and four months later

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  For days on end one could watch auls burning in the mountains"

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique False Compromise / Entrapment

  Some of them did in fact come forward, but were deported all the same…"

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Medical and Humanitarian Blockade

  Even a simple display of human sympathy for the perishing women and children was punished with arrests"

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Migratory Replacement

  Avtorkhanov cites the testimony of one of the mobilized - a Russian student of the Grozny Petroleum Institute: "Thus we were, according to a carefully worked-out plan, distributed among the auls, 20-30 people per aul"

  We were to gather the livestock, feed it, take in the grain, the implements, and so on"

• "Exiled Forever": Life in Special Settlement and Return to an Occupied Homeland (1949-1965) — technique Migratory Replacement

  …and named it: "to create in the Caucasus a new colonial-colonizing and military-police corps of foreigners, subordinate, obedient and compliant in the matter of defending Soviet imperial interests." He summed it up thus: "by settling here a population of more than a million Soviet colonizers the Bolsheviks have already driven the first wedge between the brotherly peoples of the Caucasus"

  As a second motive he names oil - "the clearly marked course of the Soviet government to take finally into imperial hands the leading and basic Caucasian oil economy for the whole Soviet Union"