Catalogue · ID 66
Чечня и Ингушетия в XVIII - начале XIX века
Author: Ахмадов Ш. Б.
Year of publication: 2002
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a contemporary monograph under copyright)
Files not published
Where we got it
Original source: https://dzurdzuki.com/wp-content/uploads/download-manager-files/Ahmadov-SH.-B.-CHechnya-i-Ingushetiya-V-HUSH-nachale-XIX-veka-2002-god..pdf
Where the knowledge base cites it
This material is cited in 21 place.
Campaigns
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700)
Akhmadov emphasizes that «the Okochans (Akkin Chechens) living in the town of Terki were obligated without exception to pay duties on the various goods and wares they took out for sale to their compatriots in Chechnya and Ingushetia»
The economic strangulation was aggravated by the arbitrariness of the local occupation administration: he adds that «the venality and bribe-taking of the voivodes, who permitted themselves great abuses — all this was a phenomenon far from new»
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708)
was practically paralyzed”
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722)
Akhmadov states that “the mountain peoples continued to motivate their discontent by the discriminatory measures of the administration of the town of Terki toward trading Highlanders”
As a result of this pressure, “the Chechen and Enderi lords and their subjects refused to swear an oath of submission to the tsarist authorities”
approached the village of Enderi”
Because of the Highlanders’ resistance, a new strike followed: he points out that on August 4, 1722, by decree of Peter I, “a punitive expedition was carried out a second time against the insurgent Chechens and the Enderi people”
… 2 more
- Construction of the Holy Cross Fortress and Forced Resettlement (1722–1724)
Akhmadov notes that «next to the fortress of the Holy Cross, slobodkas populated by Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Kabardians, and others very quickly began to appear»
- Economic Discrimination and Reconnaissance of Territories (1726–1728)
Gerber «on the government's assignment... compiled a description of the localities and population... as well as a map of this district»
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732)
Akhmadov states that those assembled, «openly expressing their discontent with the actions of the tsarist authorities, began to threaten attacks on their fortifications»
In response, the occupation apparatus applied military force: the first author indicates that «on July 4, 1732, the tsarist authorities dispatched to Chechnya a military detachment headed by General Douglas, who commanded the troops in the fortress of the Holy Cross»
Akhmadov notes the participation of Prince Kazbulat, «who led the detachment of tsarist troops headed by Douglas to the village of Chechen-Aul to suppress the highlanders' uprising»
After this, the general sent Colonel Koch's dragoon detachment to punish the inhabitants, which, as stated in the sources, «on July 7 entered the village of Chechen, burned it down completely, and began hastily withdrawing»
- Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864)
In parallel, official historiography constructed an image of backwardness: the researcher points out that pre-revolutionary military science was characterized by an «apologia for the tsarist policy of conquest», under which the defensive struggle of the local population was labeled «the actions of barbarians devoid of 'civilized' notions of independence and freedom»
- Consolidation in Chechnya: Bribery of Elders, Economic Control, and Setting Neighbors against One Another (1809-1811)
Procedures
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700) — technique Taxation
Akhmadov emphasizes that «the Okochans (Akkin Chechens) living in the town of Terki were obliged without exception to pay duty on the various goods and wares they took out for sale to their compatriots in Chechnya and Ingushetia»
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700) — technique Administrative Corruption and Extortion
Akhmadov states that «the venality and bribe-taking of the voivodes, who permitted themselves great abuses — all this was far from a new phenomenon»
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Military Intervention
approached the village of Enderi"
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Punitive Expeditions
Akhmadov points out that on August 4, 1722, by decree of Peter I, "a punitive expedition was carried out for a second time against the rebellious Chechens and Andreevtsy"
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure
Akhmadov states that a tsarist detachment "came to Enderi and completely devastated and burned it, leaving nothing but ashes behind"
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Collusion with a Third Party Behind the People's Back
Akhmadov states that the 1722 military expedition included "an armed detachment of Kalmyks, sent by Ayuka Khan at the tsar's request, numbering 3,730 men"
- Economic Discrimination and Reconnaissance of Territories (1726–1728) — technique Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories
as well as a map of this area"
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732) — technique Military Intervention
Akhmadov states, «on July 4, 1732, the tsarist authorities dispatched a military detachment to Chechnya, headed by General Douglas, who commanded the troops at the Holy Cross fortress»
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure
Akhmadov states that the detachment under the command of Colonel Koch «entered the village of Chechen on July 7, burned it down completely, and began hastily withdrawing»
- Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864) — technique Dehumanization
Akhmadov points out that pre-revolutionary historiography described the highlanders' struggle as «the actions of barbarians devoid of 'civilized' notions of independence and freedom»
- Consolidation in Chechnya: Bribery of Elders, Economic Control, and Setting Neighbors against One Another (1809-1811) — technique Bribery of Elites
Akhmadov notes that the colonial authorities generally acted by relying on the social elite, «bribing them with all manner of rewards and privileges for their service to the benefit of Russia»
- Consolidation in Chechnya: Bribery of Elders, Economic Control, and Setting Neighbors against One Another (1809-1811) — technique Economic Control
- Collectivization of Chechnya (1927-1936) — technique Destruction of Local Knowledge Systems
The khyuzhar is the elementary school at the mosque: a mullah (clergyman) or a qadi (judge of Islamic law) taught children to read the Quran, to write in Arabic and to count; no permit was needed to open one, and the school lived on parents' money and believers' donations