Catalogue · ID 75

Кавказская война. В 5 томах. Том 2. Ермоловское время

Author: Потто В. А.
Year of publication: 2007
Published in: Москва: Центрполиграф. ISBN 978-5-9524-2106-6
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a 2007 publication under copyright)

Files not published

Where we got it

Edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=sAePYgEACAAJ&hl=ru

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 32 places.

Campaigns

• Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864)

  Pushkin proclaimed in verse: «Submit, Caucasus — Yermolov comes!»

  Yermolov justified repressions on the grounds that «the proconsul of the Caucasus cannot tame the cruelty of the local mores with mercy»

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818)

  Imperial historian Potto confirms the founding of the fortress on June 10, 1818, "with six bastions, which Yermolov named Groznaya"

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819)

  Imperial historian Potto names its purpose outright: founded on the eighteenth of July 1819, it "separated the Chechens from the Kumyks" and "blocked [the Chechens'] path to the Dagestanis through the Salatau mountains"

  Potto writes that Yermolov "decided to clear the entire Kumyk plain… by making the Chechens leave it for beyond the Kachkalyk mountain ridge," and getting them to take their families away themselves "was possible only by an example of terror"

  On the fifteenth of September 1819 the aul was surrounded by six Kabardian companies and seven hundred Cossacks, who took it by storming each household under artillery fire

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819)

  The imperial historian Potto confirms: the Apsheron men “went in with bayonets without firing a shot, burst into the aul and committed it to the flames,” while Noim-Berdy and Allayar-Aul “were utterly devastated”

  while Potto adds that “the aul of Khosh-Geldy met Yermolov with bread and salt and was spared”

  Potto writes that “the remaining auls were empty - their inhabitants had fled beyond the mountains,” and “within a few days the Kumyk plain was completely cleared of the predatory Chechens”

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820)

  …on the night of March 6, 1820, Grekov’s detachment secretly crossed the Sunzha and suddenly attacked the sleeping aul of Topli: the Grebensky Cossack regiment “burst without resistance into the aul, still sunk in deep sleep,” the Cossacks “rushed through the saklias with daggers,” and “part of the inhabitants were slaughtered before they could rise from their beds; the others begged for mercy”

  Potto then writes that Grekov “gathered the elders of the surrounding villages and ordered them to send workers with axes at once for the felling,” and “the smoldering ruins of the village… compelled the Chechens to obey” — the Nokhchi, rounded up under threat of the same reprisal, cut the clearing through their own “dense forest”

  Three days later the clearing was ready, and the troops “advanced, burned Germenchug, and drew back to Groznaya,” although the aul stood empty and its inhabitants had already left

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822)

  The imperial historian Potto confirms the course of the suppression from the conqueror’s side: on March 1, 1821, the troops “surrounded the village of Oisungur… and, as punishment of the inhabitants, who had fled before their arrival, destroyed it completely,” felling the forest “in one direction as far as Isti-Su, in the other — as far as the Michik”

  In February 1822, when the qadi Abdul-Kadyr met the troops on the Argun with arms in hand, “a cannonball tore off Abdul-Kadyr’s leg… he died on the third day,” after which Grekov “burned the villages of Shali and Malye Atagi”

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825)

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that both generals “fell at the hand of a fanatic,” after which “the mutiny flared up again with redoubled force”

Procedures

• Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864) — technique Dehumanization

  Yermolov, who declared that «the cruelty of the local mores cannot be tamed by mercy»

• Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864) — technique Cultivation of a Logic of Superiority

  Pushkin proclaimed in verse the inevitability of subjugation: «Submit, Caucasus - Yermolov is coming!»

• Bulgakov's Punitive Expedition: Devastation of Chechen Villages and Coercion into Allegiance (1807) — technique Military Intervention

  The imperial historian Potto admits that after Bulgakov's storming of the Khankala Gorge, Russian attempts to penetrate deep into Chechnya “were never renewed”

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  The imperial historian Potto confirms the founding on June 10, 1818: «to the thunder of cannon, a strong fortress of six bastions was laid, which Yermolov named Groznaya»

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Hostage-Taking

  Imperial historian Potto confirms that Yermolov “took amanats from all the auls sitting along the Sunzha”

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Terror
• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Imperial historian Potto confirms its purpose and date: founded on the eighteenth of July 1819, it “separated the Chechens from the Kumyks” and “barred [the Chechens’] way to the Dagestanis across the Salatau mountains,” and it was linked to Groznaya by a chain of fortifications

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  On the fifteenth of September 1819 the aul was surrounded by six Kabardian companies and seven sotnias of Cossacks and taken by storm

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Terror

  Imperial historian Potto writes that general Yermolov decided to clear the Kumyk plain, “forcing the Chechens to withdraw… beyond the Kachkalyk mountain ridge,” and they could be compelled to do so “only by an example of terror,” and the aul of Dadi-Yurt “was chosen as the expiatory sacrifice”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Imperial historian Potto confirms that the aul was taken only when “every one of its defenders had been exterminated to a man,” and those slaughtered or killed in the fire numbered twice as many as the one hundred forty who survived

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Abduction of People

  and the imperial historian Potto confirms this

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that the Apsheron men “burst into the aul and consigned it to the flames”

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that “both villages were completely devastated”

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  The imperial historian Potto writes that in the spring of 1820 Grekov, commander of the left flank, moved on the aul of Germenchuk “with a musket in one hand and an axe in the other,” and on the night of March 6, 1820, covertly moved a detachment across the Sunzha, falling suddenly upon the aul of Topli

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  The imperial historian Potto describes how, on the night of March 6, 1820, the Greben Cossack regiment “burst without resistance into the aul [Topli], still sunk in deep sleep,” the Cossacks “rushed through the saklias with daggers,” and “part of the inhabitants were slaughtered before they could rise from their beds”

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  The imperial historian Potto writes that after the night attack the aul of Topli was left as “smoldering ruins,” and at the close of the campaign the troops “advanced forward, burned Germenchug, and drew back to Groznaya,” even though the aul stood empty

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Labor Exploitation

  The imperial historian Potto writes that Grekov, commander of the left flank, “gathered the elders of the surrounding villages and ordered them to send out workers with axes for the felling at once,” and under threat of reprisal “compelled the Chechens to obey,” after which the conscripted inhabitants cut a clearing through their own forest

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  The imperial historian Potto writes that the “dense forest” stretching from the Argun to the Dzhalka, which served as “an obstacle to the destruction of the Germenchug fields and pastures,” was cut through in three days by a wide clearing “opening onto a large glade on which stood Germenchug and a multitude of auls”

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that in the summer of 1820, having barely finished the Germenchuk clearing, Grekov “set about felling the forest along the Sunzha and building on the cleared glades two new fortifications: the Ust-Martan redoubt and Zlobny Okop,” and on the site of the demolished Kachkalyk village of Isti-Su he placed “Neotstupny Stan”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  The imperial historian Potto confirms: on March 1, 1821, the troops “surrounded the village of Oisungur… and, to punish the inhabitants who had fled before their arrival, destroyed it completely,” and in February 1822 Grekov “burned the villages of Shali and Malye Atagi”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  The imperial historian Potto confirms: on March 1, 1821, the troops “destroyed completely” the village of Oisungur, and in February 1822 Grekov “burned the villages of Shali and Malye Atagi”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Labor Exploitation

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that the clearings from Amir-Adzhi-Yurt to Oisungur, Isti-Su, and Gerzel-Aul “through the narrow forested strip… were worked by the natives themselves, under the supervision of the Aksai princes”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that on March 1, 1821, the forest was cut down «in one direction as far as Isti-Su, in the other — as far as the Michik», and in February 1822 «wide clearings were cut through the Gekhi, Goity, Shali, and Germenchug forests all the way to Mayurtup»

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Hostage-Taking

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that Grekov, commander of the left flank of the Caucasus Line, compelled submission precisely through hostages: any attack on a detachment «will inevitably entail the death penalty or exile to Siberia for the amanats», and therefore «the Chechens willy-nilly reconciled themselves to the fact that the forests — their age-old protection — were falling and disappearing»

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  The imperial historian Potto confirms that both generals «fell at the hand of a fanatic»