Catalogue · ID 82
Русско-чеченские отношения. Вторая пол. XVI-XVII в.
Author: Кушева Е. Н.
Year of publication: 1997
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a contemporary publication under copyright)
Files not published
Where we got it
Original source: https://dzurdzuki.com/download/kusheva-e-n-russko-chechenskie-otnosheniya-vtoraya-pol-xvi-xvii-v-sost-1997-g/
Where the knowledge base cites it
This material is cited in 44 places.
Campaigns
- Cyclical Rebuilding and Elimination of Fortifications on the Sunzha River (1571–1653)
Kusheva, compiler of a collection of documents, indicates that the military forces of the Tsardom of Muscovy "rebuilt the ostrog in 1590 and 1635"
and also notes that in the intervals "the fortress was abandoned for political reasons in 1605"
Kusheva, compiler of the collection of documents, records that "in 1651 a Russian ostrog was built anew on the left bank of the Sunzha"
Kusheva indicates that "in 1653 the ostrog was burned by Persian troops and was never rebuilt"
- Beginning of the political subjugation of the Nokhchi (1588–1591)
Kusheva, compiler of a collection of documents, writes that "his nephew Batai was left as a hostage (amanat) in the Terek town"
in a campaign of Russian fighting men"
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616)
against the Endirey ruler Saltan-Magmut and the people of the Okotsk and Michkiz kabaks who had joined him"
In parallel, the metropole imposed tribute on the mountain communities of the Nokhchi: an extract from the book of the Terek town's Prikaz office records that the administration sent men "to the Michkiz lands for the sovereign's yasak"
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618)
Preparation for the operation included forced mobilization: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that «voivode Mikita Dmitreevich Velyaminov sent me... together with my father on your sovereign's service... against your sovereign's disobedient ones, the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»
Having made the crossing «through the mountains and along mountain crevices, through impassable places»
In a similar document, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that they «burned down and utterly devastated many Shibut, and Kalkan, and Erokhan, and Michkiz kabaks, and took many captives, and killed many other peo[ple]»
as a result of which the mountaineers «petitioned in submission and gave the shert (oath) and amanats to the town of Terki»
- Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622)
In their petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the Okochan murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of the town of Terki reported constant coercion into military action: «against your sovereign's disobedient ones we fight, we, your sovereign's kholops, not sparing our heads; for you, sovereign, we shed our blood and lay down our heads»
A memorandum from the Ambassadorial Prikaz to the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace records: «the sovereign's grain allowance for the past years — for the 125th, and the 126th, and the 127th, and the 128th, and the 129th year — was not given to them»
The result was the exhaustion of the population: Biytemirov reported that they «have been left without grain, have utterly perished from hunger and every hardship and have fallen, sovereign, into great debt, and we are dying a death of starvation together with our wives and children»
A memorandum from the Ambassadorial Prikaz states that «Kokhostrov-murza together with his man drowned in the Oka River»
… 3 more
- Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628)
A dispatch from the Terek voivodes Ivan Andreevich Dashkov and Bogdan Gerasimovich Priklonsky to the Ambassadorial Prikaz records information about «the oath given by the Shibut men Lavarsan Yazyev and Zatyshka Lavarsanov on behalf of 20 households in 1627»
The document dryly states the administration's demand that the mountaineers «not fall away from the sovereign and remain under the sovereign's hand in direct kholopstvo (servitude)»
and undertake to «pay yasak of one kul of honey per year»
- Police Registration and Restriction of Settlement (1631–1640)
In the state register of serving people for the region of the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace for 1637, the central authorities recorded in detail the number of inhabitants, including 350 serving «Okotsk people» and 680 newcomer «Okochans, and Tatars, and Michkiz, and Shibut»
- Bribery of Elites, Coercion into Subjecthood, and the Taking of Amanats (1645–1658)
…who served it, granting them privileges and power over dependent people: the register of files of the Ambassadorial Prikaz for 1645 records a petition from the serving Okotsk murza Chepan Kokhostrov to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and a report memorandum of the central apparatus «on granting him an increase to his salary and ownership of the uzdens and «people» of his brother, murza Albir Kokhostrov»
In 1647, under pressure from the Terek voivodes, the Shibutians «placed themselves under your lofty sovereign hand in direct servitude... and swore the shert on the Quran»
while the Michkiz people «together with the entire Michkiz land placed themselves in servitude under your lofty sovereign hand... and swore the shert on the Quran»
To guarantee the fulfillment of the imposed obligations, the representatives of the metropole demanded hostages: a dispatch from the Terek voivode Prince Venedikt Andreevich Obolensky and his associates to the Ambassadorial Prikaz of 1647 dryly records the fact of «the giving of an amanat to the Terek town»
… 2 more
- Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories and an Attempt to Coerce into Subjecthood (1658–1660)
In 1658, the central apparatus of the Ambassadorial Prikaz instructed the Terek voivodes to send a mission into the mountains, in order «concerning those little lands... to order that they be examined and truly scouted out — how many of them there are and what kind of people they are... and what fighting capability they have... and what grows in their land, and what craftsmen there are»
The document of the central authority also directly stated «to order that amanats be taken from among their kin, men of note»
…Kvashnin and his associates dispatched a military emissary: an extract for the report of the Ambassadorial Prikaz to Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1660 states that the voivodes «sent a streltsy head into the Shibut land and ordered him to inspect in the Shibut land the Christian faith, and church building, and towns, and places, and to bring them to the faith, and to take an amanat to the Terek»
The emissary carried out the reconnaissance, reporting that «they have no church building, nor to]wns, nor any fighting forces»
… 2 more
- Establishment of Alien Governance and the Mobilization of the Nokhchi for the Crimean Campaigns (1661–1676)
In 1661, Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich issued a charter of grant to the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky, officially prescribing that he «be prince over the Okochans and over the Cherkasses who serve us, the great sovereign, on the Terek, and administer and judge them in military organization and in all our affairs»
Procedures
- Cyclical Rebuilding and Elimination of Fortifications on the Sunzha River (1571–1653) — technique Construction of Fortresses
Kusheva indicates that the military forces of the Tsardom of Muscovy "rebuilt the ostrog in 1590 and 1635"
and that "in 1651 a Russian ostrog was built anew on the left bank of the Sunzha"
- Cyclical Rebuilding and Elimination of Fortifications on the Sunzha River (1571–1653) — technique Military Intervention
Kusheva indicates that at the site of the fortress, "by order of the Terek voivodes, a detachment of streltsy and Cossacks was permanently stationed"
and during the siege of 1653 it held "Russian service men, Terek atamans, and Cossacks"
- Beginning of the political subjugation of the Nokhchi (1588–1591) — technique Hostage-Taking
Kusheva writes that «his nephew Batai was left as an amanat (hostage) in the Terek town»
- Beginning of the political subjugation of the Nokhchi (1588–1591) — technique Forced Mobilization
Kusheva points to documents «on the possibility of the participation of Murza Shikh... in a campaign of Russian men-at-arms»
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Pillage
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Slave Trade
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Torture and Abuse
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Forced Mobilization
Kusheva indicates in the heading of a primary document that there took place a «campaign of Terek men-at-arms and Terek Okochans... against the Endirey ruler Saltan-Magmut and the people of the Okotsk and Michkiz kabaks who had joined him»
- Deprivation of the Nokhchi of political agency and the imposition of alien governance (1614–1616) — technique Taxation
The occupation administration imposed tribute on the highland Nokhchi societies: an extract from the book of the Terek town's Prikaz office records that the administration sent people «to the Michkizes for the sovereign's yasak»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Forced Mobilization
The occupation administration of Tersky Town mobilized the metropole's subordinate allies: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that «the voivode Mikita Dmitreevich Velyaminov sent me... with my father on your sovereign's service... against your sovereign's disobedient ones — the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Military Intervention
The occupation administration of Tersky Town dispatched armed detachments which, as the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky and his son the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, made their way «across the mountains and through mountain crevices, impassable places»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Punitive Expeditions
The occupation administration of Tersky Town deliberately organized a campaign of violent punishment: in his petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sholokh reported that the Terek voivode sent the armed detachments precisely «against your sovereign's disobedient ones — the Michkiz people, against their kabaks»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure
During the punitive campaign, the military detachments burned entire auls to the ground: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that they «burned down and utterly ruined many Shibut and Kalkan and Erokhan and Michkiz kabaks»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Pillage
The punitive detachments plundered and enslaved the population: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that they «utterly ruined» the auls «and took many captives»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Terror
The occupation administration of Tersky Town employed mass terrorizing violence: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that the military detachments «burned down and utterly ruined many Shibut and Kalkan and Erokhan and Michkiz kabaks»
and «slew many peo[ple]»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians
The punitive detachments physically exterminated the local population: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that in the settlements they «slew many other peo[ple]»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
Under direct military threat, the mountain communities were forced to capitulate: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky reported that the mountaineers «brought their guilt... petitioned humbly and gave... the shert (oath of allegiance)»
- Punitive campaign and the devastation of the Nokhchi mountain communities (1617–1618) — technique Hostage-Taking
As a result of the devastation of their settlements, the subordinated communities handed people over to the occupation administration: in a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychevich Cherkassky records that they «gave amanats (hostages) to Tersky Town»
- Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622) — technique Creation of Economic Dependence
The metropole's administration did not pay for forced labor and withheld food provisions for five years: a memorandum from the Posolsky Prikaz (Ambassadorial Office) to the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace records a complaint that the subordinate Okochans of Tersky Town «were not given the sovereign's grain allowance for the past years — for the 125th, and the 126th, and the 127th, and the 128th, and the 129th year»
- Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) — technique Forced Mobilization
The occupation administration compelled the subordinate Nokhchi to take part in armed conflicts: in their petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that «we, your sovereign's kholops (bonded servants), fight your sovereign's disobedient ones, not sparing our heads; for you, sovereign, we shed our blood and lay down our heads»
- Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622) — technique Labor Exploitation
…in a petition submitted to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, the Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov and the serving Okochans of Tersky Town reported that, because their allowance went unpaid, they «were left without grain, have utterly perished from hunger and every hardship, have fallen, sovereign, into great debt, and are dying a death of starvation together with our wives and little children»
- Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622) — technique Expropriation of Resources
Representatives of the metropole confiscated the personal property of a deceased Nokhchi delegate into the state treasury: a memorandum from the Posolsky Prikaz to the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace prescribed an investigation into the death of the drowned Okotsky murza Kokhostrov Biytemirov, while of what was found they «took his clothing and all his goods into our treasury»
- Economic Exploitation and Creation of Dependency of the Nokhchi (1617–1622) — technique Taxation
…of the Posolsky Prikaz concerning a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich states that after «the sovereign's charter of grant was lost», the heirs of the deceased Nokhchi delegate were stripped of their privileges and «made equal in everything with the Okochans, with the plowing people, and carts and wagons are exacted from them», whereas previously «no taxes whatsoever had been taken» from them
- Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
The occupation administration demanded that the Nokhchi mountain communities (the Shibutians) legally formalize their subordinate status: a report from the Terek voivodes Ivan Andreyevich Dashkov and Bogdan Gerasimovich Priklonsky to the Posolsky Prikaz records information about «the oath given by the Shibutians Lavarsan Yazyev and Zatyshka Lavarsanov on behalf of 20 households in 1627»
with a direct injunction that they «not fall away from the sovereign and remain under the sovereign's hand in outright bondage (kholopstvo)»
- Use of the Nokhchi in Military Expeditions, Intervention, and Imposition of Yasak (1626–1628) — technique Taxation
The occupation administration imposed an annual tribute in kind on the Nokhchi mountain communities (the Shibutians): a report from the Terek voivodes Ivan Andreyevich Dashkov and Bogdan Gerasimovich Priklonsky to the Posolsky Prikaz states that when subjecthood was formalized in 1627, the mountaineers were required «to give yasak at one kul (sack) of honey per year»
- Police Registration and Restriction of Settlement (1631–1640) — technique Restriction of Settlement Geography
to ensure surveillance, in the state register of serving people for the region of the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace for 1637, the central authorities recorded in detail the number of subordinate residents of Tersky Town, including 350 «Okotsky people» and 680 newly arrived «Okochans, and Tatars, and Michkizians, and Shibutians»
- Bribery of Elites, Coercion into Subjecthood, and the Taking of Amanats (1645–1658) — technique Bribery of Elites
…leaders power over dependent people in order to win them over to its side: the register of cases of the Posolsky Prikaz for 1645 records a petition from the serving Okotsk murza Chepan Kokhostrov to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and a report extract by the central apparatus «on granting him an increase to his salary and possession of the uzdens and «people» of his brother, murza Albir Kokhostrov»
- Bribery of Elites, Coercion into Subjecthood, and the Taking of Amanats (1645–1658) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
The occupation administration forced the mountain societies of the Nokhchi into legal subordination: in 1647, under pressure from the Terek voivodes, the Shibutians «placed themselves under thy sovereign high hand in direct servitude... and swore the shert oath on the Quran»
while the Michkiz people «with all the Michkiz land placed themselves in servitude under thy sovereign high hand... and swore the shert on the Quran»
- Bribery of Elites, Coercion into Subjecthood, and the Taking of Amanats (1645–1658) — technique Hostage-Taking
The occupation administration used the taking of hostages from among the Indigenous population to guarantee the loyalty of the mountain societies of the Nokhchi: a dispatch from the Terek voivode Prince Venedikt Andreevich Obolensky and his associates to the Posolsky Prikaz in 1647 officially records the fact of «the giving of an amanat to the Terek town»
the metropole instructed the voivodes «to order that amanats be taken from them — kinsmen of notable people»
as a result of which the Highlanders «gave a good amanat to the Terek town, Kasa»
- Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories and an Attempt to Coerce into Subjecthood (1658–1660) — technique Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories
The occupation administration dispatched emissaries to collect strategic, demographic, and economic data on the mountain societies of the Nokhchi: in 1658 the central apparatus of the Posolsky Prikaz instructed the Terek voivodes to find out «how many of them there are and what kind of people they are... and what fighting force they have... and what grows in their land, and what craftsmen there are»
in execution of which in 1659 the Terek voivodes Melenty Kvashnin and his associates «sent a streltsy commander into the Shibut land and ordered him to inspect in the Shibut land... the towns and places»
who, in an extract for the report of the Posolsky Prikaz to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of 1660, reported that «[to]wns they have none, nor any fighting forces»
- Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories and an Attempt to Coerce into Subjecthood (1658–1660) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
The occupation administration made attempts to force the independent societies of the Nokhchi (the Shibutians) into legal subordination: an extract for the report of the Posolsky Prikaz to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of 1660 states that the Terek voivodes Melenty Kvashnin and his associates sent a military emissary to the Highlanders and ordered him «to bring them to the oath»
however, the attempt proved unsuccessful, and he «did not br[in]g the inhabitants of the Shibut land to the oath»
- Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories and an Attempt to Coerce into Subjecthood (1658–1660) — technique Hostage-Taking
The occupation administration set itself the task of extracting hostages from the mountain societies of the Nokhchi (the Shibutians), but the attempt did not succeed: in 1658 the central apparatus of the Posolsky Prikaz directly instructed the Terek voivodes «to order that amanats be taken from them — kinsmen of notable people»
after which the Terek voivodes Melenty Kvashnin and his associates ordered their military emissary «to take an amanat to the Terek»
however, the extract for the report of the Posolsky Prikaz to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of 1660 records no handover of new hostages and merely states the old fact that «on the Terek [there is an amanat] of theirs»
- Establishment of Alien Governance and the Mobilization of the Nokhchi for the Crimean Campaigns (1661–1676) — technique Imposition of Alien Governance
…the transfer of power over them to a new feudal lord loyal to the metropole: in 1661 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued a charter of grant to the Kabardian prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich Cherkassky, instructing him «to be prince over the Okochans and over the Cherkas who serve us, the great sovereign, on the Terek, and to administer and judge them in military organization and in all our affairs»