Catalogue · ID 94
Чечено-русские отношения в XVIII веке. Исследования и материалы. Том I
Author: Ахмадов Я. З.
Year of publication: 2019
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: Nokhchi (Chechens)
Publication rights: not allowed (a 2019 publication under copyright)
Files not published
Where we got it
Edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj9ezgEACAAJ
Where the knowledge base cites it
This material is cited in 40 places.
Campaigns
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700)
Akhmadov states that in 1691–1700 «punitive expeditions were carried out in retaliation by the tsarist authorities against the rebel Cossacks and their mountaineer allies»
and records «retaliatory punitive raids by tsarist forces»
In parallel, the diplomatic apparatus expanded legal control over the region, formalizing in 1696 «an expression of Russia's protection over the Braguny principality in Chechnya»
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708)
Akhmadov states that “the measures taken by Peter I to combat the Bulavin ‘rebellion’ and other uprisings, including on the Terek against Chechnya, were, in essence, punitive”
The Regular Army carried out sweep operations: he emphasizes that “military detachments were sent to the Terek that physically exterminated any population showing the slightest disobedience”
Military pressure was supplemented by collusion with a third party: the researcher adds that on September 30, 1708, the diplomatic apparatus concluded an agreement with the Kalmyk khan Ayuka that included a clause “on the persecution of Chechens and Nogais”
To neutralize the opposition, the metropole took the leader of the insurgents captive: Akhmadov points out that the tsar “personally decided the fate of the rebel leaders”
… 2 more
- Strengthening of the Border Line and Reconnaissance of Resources (1711–1717)
Akhmadov states that, owing to the foreign policy situation, “issues related to the mountain peoples ceased to be of primary importance to them”
In 1711–1712, the government consolidated the military lines on the border with the lands of the Nokhchi: the researcher points out that “the small Greben Cossack towns along the Terek were consolidated, by order of Tsar Peter I, into 5 stanitsas — from Chervlyonnaya to Kurdyukovskaya”
Bekovich-Cherkassky submitted a report in which he considered “drawing the Highlanders over to Russia’s side” to be “in keeping with the vital interests of the Russian state”
In 1717, to inventory the potential of the Nokhchi lands, the government dispatched a specialist: the author records “the survey of mineral springs and other natural riches of the Terek River (including the Bragun warm springs) by Doctor Gottlieb Schober on the assignment of Peter I”
- Plundering Expeditions of Cossacks and Allied Princes (1718–1721)
Akhmadov states that there occurred “a predatory expedition of detachments of Don Cossacks and Kabardian princes allied with Peter I into the ‘Chechen district’ along the Sunzha and the Argun”
As a result of the raid, “800 captives were taken, not counting ‘belongings’”
Volynsky “invited the Don Cossacks and, together with the Terek Cossacks, organized raids to the Agrakhan and Aksai rivers against the Kumyks and Chechens”
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722)
while in the course of the August raid “3,000 houses were destroyed and the grain in the fields was burned”
Akhmadov states that after the defeat the local princes swore an oath, “‘including in it, for the first time, their Chechens as well’”
- Construction of the Holy Cross Fortress and Forced Resettlement (1722–1724)
Akhmadov states that Peter I «founded the fortress of the Holy Cross on the Sulak»
To ensure forcible control over the territory, the metropole carried out settlement by loyal troops: the researcher indicates that at the fortress «1 thousand families of Cossacks from the Don are being settled»
At the same time, the occupation administration liquidated the former administrative center and forcibly relocated the subordinated Nokhchi societies: the author records that «the Terek town had been razed by 1724, and its entire population, including the Okotskaya sloboda, populated by natives of Chechnya... was transferred to the new fortress»
- Economic Discrimination and Reconnaissance of Territories (1726–1728)
Akhmadov cites customs documents, stating that in 1726 «from the travel document of the Terek resident, the Okochan Kurman Bogomatov... duties of 24 altyns in money were collected by decree»
and also that «a report of February 15, 1726 states that duties were collected from the Terek Okochans Surkai Usmanov...»
The economic strangulation provoked armed resistance: Akhmadov indicates that the highlanders «carried out attacks on the tsarist fortifications, kept the fortress of the Holy Cross «in great oppression»»
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732)
Akhmadov adds that «in 1732 lowland Chechnya once again turns into the center of a major insurgent movement», and «around 10 thousand highlanders gathered in Chechen-Aul», intending to set out «to destroy the tsarist fortifications»
which, according to the cited report, resolved, regarding the insurgents, «without allowing them to multiply, to avert and destroy them by the dispatched detachment»
Akhmadov records that «General Douglas, who had already set out on the campaign, received word that the highlanders had dispersed»
Akhmadov summarizes that during the withdrawal Koch's detachment «was surrounded in dense forests, defeated, and annihilated», and that in the course of the battle «the senior Chechen prince Kazbulat also perished»
- Bribery of the Nobility and Institutionalization of the Hostage System (1735)
Akhmadov states that during this period «the pro-Russian political orientation of the lowland part of Chechnya intensifies»
To bind the local aristocracy, the occupation administration employed institutional bribery: the researcher records that the senior prince Aidemir «was accepted into Russian subjecthood and was assigned a permanent tsarist salary»
and, on the whole, «The princes and their uzdens even began to receive monetary allowances from the Russian government»
In parallel, the empire entrenched the system of holding relatives of the nobility: Akhmadov indicates that Prince Aidemir «as a pledge of fidelity to his obligations gave his son Bardykhan as an amanat, while another influential Chechen prince, Alisultan Kazbulatov, gave his brother Bamat as an amanat»
… 1 more
- Construction of Fortified Stanitsas, Settlement of Cossacks on the Borders, and Holding of Hostages (1736–1740)
Akhmadov records the establishment in 1736 of fortified posts, among them «three new Cossack stanitsas: Borozdinskaya, Kargalinskaya, Dubovskaya»
The construction of infrastructure was followed by the physical settlement of military contingents: the first researcher indicates that garrisons were placed on these frontiers, «and from Kizlyar toward the sea another 430 Cossack families are being settled»
In parallel, the occupation administration continued to physically hold relatives of the local elite seized in previous years: Akhmadov notes, in a list of archival documents, a paper from 1738 identified as «Letter of the Chechen lord A. Bartykhanov to Lieutenant Colonel Bunin about his faithful service to Russia and with a request to release his sister from Kizlyar»
- Expansion of the Bribery System and Coercion of Highland Societies into Subjecthood (1741–1748)
Akhmadov states that in 1741–1748 there was an «intensification of Russian-Chechen political and trade ties»
The occupation administration expanded the practice of institutional bribery: the researcher records «the granting of Russian salaries to 4 Chechen princes and their uzdens»
The author points out that, in response to the highlanders' requests for access to the plain, the empire gave its consent exclusively «on the condition that the highlanders take an oath of Russian allegiance»
which led to the formalization of oaths «by new societies of Chechnya, including mountain ones»
… 1 more
- Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864)
Akhmadov states that «The anti-colonial and anti-feudal uprisings of the population of Chechnya, referred to in official documents as 'mischief', 'robberies' and 'murders', were perceived by the Russian autocracy as a challenge and an insult... All of this provoked cruel punitive actions incommensurate with the apparent cause»
Knorring, justified expeditions against the Indigenous population as protection from their «predatory plunder, villainous brigandage»
Procedures
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700) — technique Punitive Expeditions
Akhmadov states that in 1691–1700 «punitive expeditions were carried out by the tsarist authorities in retaliation against the rebel Cossacks and their Highlander allies»
and records «retaliatory punitive raids by tsarist forces»
- Punitive Raids and the Economic Strangulation of the Nokhchi (1691–1700) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
Akhmadov records that in 1696 the metropole formalized «the expression of Russia's protection over the Braguny principality in Chechnya»
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708) — technique Punitive Expeditions
Akhmadov states that «the measures taken by Peter I to combat the Bulavin «rebeliya» and other uprisings, including on the Terek against Chechnya, were in essence punitive»
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians
Akhmadov states that in 1708 «military detachments were sent to the Terek that physically annihilated any population showing the slightest disobedience»
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708) — technique Collusion with a Third Party Behind the People's Back
Apraksin and the Kalmyk khan Ayuka, an agreement of eight articles was concluded, including 'on the pursuit of the Chechens and Nogais'"
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition
Akhmadov states that the tsar "personally decided the fate of the insurgent leaders"
as a result of which the leader Murat Kuchukov, "taken prisoner while wounded, was hanged"
- Suppression of the Uprising of Murat Kuchukov and Terror against the Indigenous Population (1708) — technique Terror
Apraksin ('carry out a cruel death penalty')"
- Strengthening of the Border Line and Reconnaissance of Resources (1711–1717) — technique Construction of Fortresses
Akhmadov states that in 1711–1712 "the small Greben Cossack towns along the Terek were merged, by order of Tsar Peter I, into 5 stanitsas - from Chervlyonnaya to Kurdyukovskaya"
- Strengthening of the Border Line and Reconnaissance of Resources (1711–1717) — technique Comprehensive Reconnaissance of Territories
Akhmadov records the 1717 "survey of mineral springs and other natural riches of the Terek River (including the Bragun warm springs) by Doctor Gottlieb Schober on the assignment of Peter I"
- Plundering Expeditions of Cossacks and Allied Princes (1718–1721) — technique Predatory Raids
Akhmadov states that in 1718 there took place a "predatory expedition of detachments of Don Cossacks and Kabardian princes allied with Peter I into the 'Chechen uezd' along the Sunzha and the Argun"
as a result of which "800 prisoners were captured, not counting 'belongings'"
Volynsky "invited the Don Cossacks and, together with the Terek Cossacks, organized raids to the Agrakhan and Aksai rivers against the Kumyks and Chechens"
- Plundering Expeditions of Cossacks and Allied Princes (1718–1721) — technique Collusion with a Third Party Behind the People's Back
Akhmadov states that in 1718 an expedition into the lands of the Nokhchi was carried out by the forces of "Kabardian princes allied with Peter I"
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure
while during the August 1722 raid "3 thousand houses were destroyed and the grain in the fields was burned"
- Suppression of the Uprising, Military Intervention, and Forced Formalization of Subjecthood (1722) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
Akhmadov states that having suffered defeat in 1722, the local princes took an oath of allegiance, "'including in it for the first time also their Chechens'"
- Construction of the Holy Cross Fortress and Forced Resettlement (1722–1724) — technique Construction of Fortresses
Akhmadov states that in the autumn of 1722 Peter I "founded the fortress of the Holy Cross on the Sulak"
- Construction of the Holy Cross Fortress and Forced Resettlement (1722–1724) — technique Implantation of Officials and Military Personnel
Akhmadov points out that at the new fortress "1 thousand families of Cossacks from the Don are being settled"
- Construction of the Holy Cross Fortress and Forced Resettlement (1722–1724) — technique Deportation
was transferred to the new fortress"
- Economic Discrimination and Reconnaissance of Territories (1726–1728) — technique Taxation
duties of 24 altyns in money were collected by decree"
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732) — technique Military Intervention
Akhmadov cites a report by General Douglas, who ordered that the assembled rebel force must, «not being allowed to multiply, be averted and destroyed by the dispatched detachment»
- Armed Uprising on the Plain, General Douglas's Expedition, and the Rout of Colonel Koch's Punitive Detachment (1732) — technique Punitive Expeditions
Akhmadov points out that General Douglas «halted the movement of the main forces and sent toward Chechen-Aul a detachment of dragoons under Colonel Koch, totaling 300 soldiers and 200 Cossacks»
- Bribery of the Nobility and Institutionalization of the Hostage System (1735) — technique Bribery of Elites
Levashov, the senior Chechen prince Aidemir «was accepted into Russian subjecthood and was assigned a permanent tsarist stipend»
and in general «The princes and their uzdens even began to receive monetary allowances from the Russian government»
- Bribery of the Nobility and Institutionalization of the Hostage System (1735) — technique Hostage-Taking
Akhmadov records that «In 1735, two amanats from the Chechen domain were already being held in Kizlyar: from Aidemir - Bardykhan, and from the Chechen lord Alisultan Kazbulatov - Bamat»
- Construction of Fortified Stanitsas, Settlement of Cossacks on the Borders, and Holding of Hostages (1736–1740) — technique Construction of Fortresses
Akhmadov states that in 1736 «three new Cossack stanitsas: Borozdinskaya, Kargalinskaya, Dubovskaya»
- Construction of Fortified Stanitsas, Settlement of Cossacks on the Borders, and Holding of Hostages (1736–1740) — technique Implantation of Officials and Military Personnel
Akhmadov states that «1736 - from the Greben stanitsas down the Terek to Kizlyar, three new Cossack stanitsas are established: Borozdinskaya, Kargalinskaya, Dubovskaya, and from Kizlyar to the sea another 430 Cossack families are settled»
- Construction of Fortified Stanitsas, Settlement of Cossacks on the Borders, and Holding of Hostages (1736–1740) — technique Hostage-Taking
Akhmadov records the existence of a document from 1738 identified as a «Letter from the Chechen lord A. Bartykhanov to Lieutenant Colonel Bunin regarding his loyal service to Russia and requesting the release of his sister from Kizlyar»
- Expansion of the Bribery System and Coercion of Highland Societies into Subjecthood (1741–1748) — technique Bribery of Elites
Akhmadov records «the granting of Russian stipends to 4 Chechen princes and their uzdens»
- Expansion of the Bribery System and Coercion of Highland Societies into Subjecthood (1741–1748) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood
Akhmadov states that in 1747, in response to the highlanders' requests for resettlement, «official consent of the imperial court was given («to admit and assign») on the condition that the highlanders take an oath of Russian subjecthood»
while to those absent «officers were sent «to administer the oath»»
similarly in 1748, when the mountain communities petitioned for subjecthood so that «traveling with merchandise to the town of Kizlyar... under protection would be free»
the administration «agreed to this proposal on the condition of the mandatory resettlement of the «Chebutlins» from the mountains to the lower reaches of the Sunzha»
- Expansion of the Bribery System and Coercion of Highland Societies into Subjecthood (1741–1748) — technique Hostage-Taking
Akhmadov states that, to control the territories, «amanats are handed over as a pledge of fidelity to the oath to the Russian authorities»
- Propagandistic Inversion of Roles and Dehumanization (1800–1864) — technique Aggressor Claiming Victim Status
Akhmadov states that lawful defense was labeled with criminal terms, and «The anti-colonial and anti-feudal uprisings of the population of Chechnya, referred to in official documents as 'mischief', 'robberies', and 'murders', were perceived by the Russian autocracy as a challenge and an insult»