Catalogue · ID 95

Чеченцы в Русско-Кавказской войне

Author: Хожаев Д. А.
Year of publication: 1998
Describes Russian colonization of peoples: several peoples
Publication rights: not allowed (a 1998 publication under copyright)

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Where we got it

Edition: https://search.worldcat.org/isbn/5859730128

Where the knowledge base cites it

This material is cited in 85 places.

Campaigns

• Bulgakov's Punitive Expedition: Devastation of Chechen Villages and Coercion into Allegiance (1807)

  Khozhaev writes of General Bulgakov's troops as having «come with fire and sword to the Chechen land»

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818)

  Khozhaev records that the relocation of the line "squeezed unsubdued Chechnya with new fortresses and fortifications," while the fortress of Groznaya was built "on Chechen land," where "eight flourishing Chechen villages… were destroyed, and the population driven off its lands"

• Exploitation of the village of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya) as a resource base and its punitive devastation for the armed resistance of the Nokhchi (1818)

  Khozhaev records the devastation of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya), as a consequence of which "most of the peaceful surrounding auls fled to the mountains, and the flourishing riverbanks stood deserted for a long time thereafter"

• Punitive devastation of the Nokhchi villages along the Sunzha and pitting neighboring peoples against them under Rtishchev (1813-1816)

  and Emperor Alexander I, upon learning "of yet another raid on peaceful Chechnya by Colonel Eristov," ordered by special rescript "to establish tranquility on the Caucasus Line through friendliness and kind indulgence," that is, he deemed the raid unjustified

  In 1816 the Nokhchi, led by Beibulat Taimiev, took Major Shvetsov prisoner

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819)

  Khozhaev writes, to "squeeze unsubdued Chechnya with new fortresses and fortifications," and among these, in 1819, appeared the fortress of Vnezapnaya

  Khozhaev writes that the aul of 200 households was "one of the richest in Chechnya" and "was famed for its brave and industrious inhabitants and for the beauty and nobility of its girls"

  Khozhaev writes that during the river crossing 46 captured girls, "unwilling to endure abuse in captivity," perished, "dragging their guards with them into the turbulent river"

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819)

  Khozhaev writes that under Yermolov “cruel punitive raids on peaceful Caucasian auls — with the annihilation of the population, houses, crops, orchards, and forests, the driving off of livestock, and the plundering of property — which disgraced Russian arms, became the rule,” and following Dadi-Yurt the Kachkalyk villages of Isti-Su, Noiberdy, Alleroi, and others were “taken by storm and destroyed”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822)

  Khozhaev writes that in early 1822 Beibulat Taimiev, with the help of the qadi Abdul-Kadyr of Germenchuk and mullah Mustafa, who had fled the burned Sunzha aul, “attempted to raise a general uprising in Chechnya”

  Khozhaev cites Grekov’s report, in which he himself set out his aim: to drive the Chechens into the forests, where “only snow and cold weather were lacking for the Chechen people to experience all the calamities inevitable in such cases and to feel the necessity of submitting”

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825)

  Khozhaev writes that after the insurgents’ five-day siege of the Gerzel-Aul fortification, “the tsarist generals decided to stage a demonstrative execution to intimidate the highlanders”: summoned to the fortification were “318 respected men of the Aksai (Kumyk and Chechen) villages,” whom General Lisanevich, “calling out those assembled one by one, threatened in the Kumyk language and subjected to insults”

  When General Grekov attempted to “inflict a physical insult” on the Chechen mullah Uchar-Hadji from the village of Mairtup, the latter killed Grekov with a dagger and mortally wounded Lisanevich, after which, “upon Lisanevich’s command ‘Stab them!’, the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began”

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826)

  Khozhaev writes that “in January 1826, having waited for a period inconvenient for the inhabitants of Chechnya, when the frosts made it difficult to shelter families, Yermolov begins a large punitive campaign into Chechnya,” occupying the aul of Bolshaya Ataga on January 26 and burning settlements one after another

  People were killed, women and children taken prisoner… People were dying of hunger, cold, and disease”

• Deception and Forcible Detention of Beibulat Taimiev by Paskevich, Splitting Chechnya into Factions, and Coercion into an Oath of Allegiance (1828-1829)

  Khozhaev wrote: "Paskevich, trying to lure the principal leader of the Chechen insurgents out of Chechnya, throughout the whole of 1828 offers Beibulat, through intermediaries, a return to 'Russian service.' He is promised the rank of captain, pardon, and honors"

  Khozhaev recorded the motive: the elders "sought to avoid subordination to the tsarist pristavs (superintendents), to avert from Chechnya the threat of constant raids"

  Khozhaev wrote: "Realizing that he had been deceived, he tries to return to Chechnya immediately, but he is detained in Tiflis by force"

• Burning of Lowland Chechnya by Velyaminov's Expedition: Demolition of Villages from the Sunzha to Mairtup, Seizure of Astemir's Family, Collective Penalties Imposed on Chechen Villages, the Cutting Down of Fleeing Inhabitants of Dzulgai-Yurt, and Destruction of Winter Stores (1830-1831)

  Khozhaev wrote of the marching gallows “on which the general [Yermolov] hanged highlanders and fugitive Russian soldiers and Cossacks who were hiding in mountain auls,” and recorded that the demand for “the surrender of fugitive Russian soldiers and Cossacks living in the mountain auls” was a constant instrument of the imperial bailiffs (pristavs)

• Assassination of Chechen resistance leader Beibulat Taimiev, prepared by the imperial command (1831)

  Preparations began for the murder of Beibulat, which was soon carried out”

  Paskevich wrote of the slain Beibulat that he had been a traitor to the end, and that therefore the killer should not be punished”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832)

  Despite the steadfast resistance of the inhabitants of mountainous Chechnya, who courageously defended every inch of their land, the tsarist troops destroyed several dozen auls and hamlets"

• Coercion of Chechnya into Oaths by Feze's Spring Tour: Amanats from Communities Coerced into the Oath, Destruction of Auls along the Dzhalka, a Livestock Fine (February-April 1837)

  On 1 March, at the village of Aleroy, a battle took place between the detachment of Tashu-Hadji's companion Udi-mullah and the troops of General Fezi" (Tashu-Hadji - sheikh, imam of Chechnya in 1834-1836, spiritual and military leader of the Chechen resistance)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840)

  On the lowland territory of Chechnya occupied by the tsarist colonial troops and subordinated to the Chechen pristav, preparation of an armed uprising began"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859)

  The condition of the country was conveyed to the imam in a letter by Talkhig Shalinsky, naib of Greater Chechnya: "Chechnya is burning, imam, come put it out"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864)

  Khozhayev: "the tsarist authorities provoked the highlanders into an action and staged a slaughter, gunning down with cannon the crowds of murid-zikrists who had advanced on the soldiers' squares with nothing but daggers and empty scabbards"

• "Military-Popular Administration": the Colonial Regime of the Terek Oblast (1858-1917)

  Khozhaev writes of the order thus imposed: "In the restless Terek oblast a 'military-popular' regime was established, which was in essence a state-of-emergency regime"; the outcome of the war he states separately: "A colonial 'military-popular' regime was established in the land"

• Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872)

  In the summer of 1865 more than 23 thousand people left Chechnya, a fifth of the Chechen people; they left in waves that the imperial chancellery counted as "parties" - there were 28 of them; the operation was led by General Kundukhov, former head of the Chechen okrug, whom the imperial authorities tasked with the expulsion

  Khozhayev places the expulsion in the same line as the deportation of 1944: "The genocide against the Chechen people was carried out in the 19th century, during the Caucasus War and after it, during the expulsion to Turkey"

• Land plunder: the colonial repartition of land, land hunger and Cossack colonization of the Terek oblast (1860-1917)

  Your lands, which you own or with which you have been allotted by the Russian authorities, will be confirmed to you by deeds and plans in inalienable possession..."; the document was signed by Baryatinsky, commander-in-chief of the Caucasus Army and viceroy

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949)

  Khozhaev writes: "the second attempt to annihilate the Chechens was undertaken in 1944, when the entire people was driven from its native land and deported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan"

Procedures

• Bulgakov's Punitive Expedition: Devastation of Chechen Villages and Coercion into Allegiance (1807) — technique Military Intervention

  Khozhaev describes General Bulgakov's troops as having “come with fire and sword to the Chechen land,” and the Khankala battle of 1807 as bloody

• Bulgakov's Punitive Expedition: Devastation of Chechen Villages and Coercion into Allegiance (1807) — technique Bribery of Elites

  Khozhaev: through the intermediary Hadji-Redjeb, in the name of the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, General Gudovich, the very head of the Chechen resistance, Beibulat Taimiev, was won over and took “an oath of fidelity of subjecthood to Russia,” while Hadji-Redjeb asked the generals for another 3000 rubles in silver “for bringing the remaining unpacified Chechen villages into loyal subjecthood”

• Consolidation in Chechnya: Bribery of Elders, Economic Control, and Setting Neighbors against One Another (1809-1811) — technique Bribery of Elites

  Khozhaev cites the same formula with a direct indication of where the money came from: the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, General Tormasov, agreed «to win over the principal Chechen elders and their clergy… to give 250, and others 150 silver rubles each, and to collect the said money from their own villages» — that is, the bribery of the elite was paid for by exactions from the Chechen villages themselves

• Punitive devastation of the Nokhchi villages along the Sunzha and pitting neighboring peoples against them under Rtishchev (1813-1816) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Emperor Alexander I, upon learning «of yet another raid on peaceful Chechnya by Colonel Eristov», ordered by a special rescript «to establish tranquility on the Caucasian Line through friendliness and gentle indulgence»

• Punitive devastation of the Nokhchi villages along the Sunzha and pitting neighboring peoples against them under Rtishchev (1813-1816) — technique Pitting Neighboring Peoples Against Each Other

  In 1816, the Nokhchi led by Beibulat Taimiev took Major Shvetsov prisoner

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Military Intervention

  Khozhaev defines the meaning of moving the line as squeezing Chechnya that had not submitted «with new fortresses and fortifications»

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Khozhaev records that the fortress was built «on Chechen land»

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Chechen, Topli, Alkhanchu) were destroyed”

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Deportation

  Khozhayev records that the inhabitants of the eight villages near Groznaya were “driven off the lands”

  Imperial general Yermolov wrote to Emperor Alexander I that if the population refused to submit, they would be offered “to withdraw and join the other brigands,” and then “all the lands will remain at our disposal”

• Destruction of the Nokhchi Villages along the Sunzha and Construction of the Groznaya Fortress in Their Place (1817–1818) — technique Terror

  Imperial general Yermolov, in his “Address” to the Chechens, declared: “The slightest disobedience… and your auls will be destroyed, your families sold off into the mountains, the amanats hanged, villages exterminated by fire, women and children slaughtered”

• Exploitation of the village of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya) as a resource base and its punitive devastation for the armed resistance of the Nokhchi (1818) — technique Pillage

  Khozhayev records the ravaging of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya), as a consequence of which “most of the peaceful neighboring auls fled into the mountains, and the flourishing banks were left deserted for a long time thereafter”

• Exploitation of the village of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya) as a resource base and its punitive devastation for the armed resistance of the Nokhchi (1818) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhayev records the ravaging of Solzha (Sunzhenskaya)

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Khozhayev writes that following Groznaya, the fortress Vnezapnaya appeared in 1819, built in order to “squeeze unsubdued Chechnya with new fortresses and fortifications”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhayev writes that general Yermolov ordered Major General Sysoyev and Colonel Bekovich-Cherkassky to “surround the peaceful village of Dadi-Yurt” and to “punish it by force of arms, giving quarter to no one”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Khozhayev writes that “the brutalized punitive forces spared neither women nor children,” and, breaking into the houses, “slaughtered everyone without mercy”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Abduction of People

  Khozhaev writes that during the crossing of the captives over the Terek, 46 captured girls, “not wishing to endure abuse in captivity,” perished, “dragging their guards with them into the turbulent river”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Pillage

  Khozhaev writes that the punitive raids under Yermolov proceeded “with the destruction of the population, houses, crops, orchards, and forests, the driving off of livestock, and the plundering of property,” while Russian commanders invaded peaceful lands “to distinguish themselves or to seize booty”

• Demonstrative destruction of the aul of Dadi-Yurt and the construction of the Vnezapnaya fortress to force the Nokhchi off the Kumyk plain (1819) — technique Restriction of Settlement Geography

  Khozhaev cites the admission of General Orbeliani that this expulsion was a system applied everywhere: “in all of Chechnya there remained not a single aul, not a single household, that had not been resettled from one place to another several times over”

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhaev writes that under Yermolov “cruel punitive raids on peaceful Caucasian auls, disgracing Russian arms, with the destruction of the population, houses, crops, orchards, and forests, the driving off of livestock, and the plundering of property, became the rule”

• Devastation of the Kachkalyk villages of the Nokhchi and displacement of their inhabitants beyond the mountains after the Dadi-Yurt terror (1819) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhaev writes that following Dadi-Yurt, the Kachkalyk villages of Isti-Su, Noiberdy, Alleroy, and others were “taken by storm and destroyed”

• Night Attack on the Aul of Topli, Burning of Germenchuk, and Coercion of the Nokhchi to Fell Their Own Forests (1820) — technique Construction of Fortresses

  Khozhaev writes that Yermolov, moving the Caucasian Line to the Sunzha, was “squeezing unsubdued Chechnya with new fortresses and fortifications,” and that “on the occupied territory fortifications were built… Neotstupny Stan, Zlobny Okop, Vnezapnaya (1819), and others”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  …of Grekov, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, who stated the campaigns’ purpose plainly: to drive the Chechens into the forests, where “only snow and cold weather were lacking for the Chechen people… to feel the necessity of submitting,” and notes that Grekov’s expedition “destroyed… two auls — Shali and Malaya Ataga, whose inhabitants had taken a more active part in the unrest”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhaev writes that the expedition of Grekov, commander of the left flank of the Caucasian Line, “destroyed… two auls — Shali and Malaya Ataga”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Labor Exploitation

  Khozhaev writes that in imposing the line, the conquerors “compelled the subordinated Highlanders to heavy labor building roads and bridges,” while those who evaded it were “fined mercilessly, with their livestock and property confiscated”

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  Khozhaev writes that under Yermolov, punitive raids proceeded «with the destruction of the population, houses, crops, orchards, and forests»

• Suppression of the Nokhchi Uprising: Devastation of Villages and Forced Forest Felling by Grekov (1821-1822) — technique Hostage-Taking

  Khozhaev cites Yermolov's «Address» to the Chechens containing a direct threat: at the slightest disobedience, «the amanats are hanged, villages are exterminated by fire, wives and children are slaughtered»

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825) — technique Terror

  Khozhaev writes that at the Gerzel-aul fortification «the tsarist generals decided to stage a demonstrative execution to intimidate the highlanders», for which they summoned «318 respected men from the Aksai (Kumyk and Chechen) villages», whom General Lisanevich, «calling out those assembled one by one… threatened and subjected to insults»

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825) — technique Mass Killings of Civilians

  Khozhaev writes that after General Grekov attempted «to inflict a physical insult» on the Chechen mullah Uchar-Hadji from the village of Mayrtup and was killed by him, «after Lisanevich's command „Stab them! the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began»

• Mass Killing of Elders Summoned to a Demonstrative Execution at Gerzel-Aul (1825) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  …(Kumyk and Chechen) villages» — elders and revered men of the communities — were summoned to the Gerzel-aul fortification; General Lisanevich, «calling out those assembled one by one», after the killing of the generals ordered their extermination: «after Lisanevich's command „Stab them!" the mass extermination by the soldiers of all the unarmed highlanders present in the fortification began»

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhaev writes that «in January 1826, having waited for a period inconvenient for the inhabitants of Chechnya, when the frosts made it difficult to shelter families, Yermolov launches a large punitive campaign into Chechnya», occupying the aul of Bolshaya Ataga on January 26

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhaev writes that after February 17, 1826, Yermolov's troops «ravaged and destroyed the auls of Lesser Chechnya - Urus-Martan, Roshni, Gekhi, Belakai, Daut-Martan, and Shelchikhi», and by the end of the campaign «flourishing villages had been destroyed»

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  Khozhaev writes that by May 18, 1826, the Nokhchi's «splendid fruit orchards had been cut down, fields burned»

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Pillage

  Khozhaev writes that by May 18, 1826, «livestock had been driven off», and after the troops returned, Yermolov «sent a detachment of 500 Cossacks against Daut-Martan», and «the village was ravaged and plundered»

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Abduction of People

  Khozhaev writes that by May 18, 1826, «women and children had been taken captive» from the Nokhchi

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Artificial Famine

  Khozhaev writes that after Yermolov's campaign, deprived of shelter and food, «people were dying of hunger, cold, and disease»

• Devastation of the Lowland Nokhchi Villages in Yermolov’s Punitive Campaign (1826) — technique Pitting Neighboring Peoples Against Each Other

  Khozhaev writes that Yermolov, «attempting to provoke a clash between the Chechens and the Ingush… forcibly conscripted the Ingush into a militia and sent them together with tsarist detachments against Chechen auls», although the Ingush «refused to go against their kin… deserting from the militia»

• Deception and Forcible Detention of Beibulat Taimiev by Paskevich, Splitting Chechnya into Factions, and Coercion into an Oath of Allegiance (1828-1829) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  Khozhaev recorded the coerced nature of this step: the elders "tried to avoid subordination to the tsarist superintendents, to avert from Chechnya the threat of constant raids"

  Holding Beibulat in Tiflis, Paskevich sealed the subjecthood with the "Regulation on the Submission of the Chechens to Russia" and the statute of August 2, 1829

• Deception and Forcible Detention of Beibulat Taimiev by Paskevich, Splitting Chechnya into Factions, and Coercion into an Oath of Allegiance (1828-1829) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Realizing that he has been deceived, he tries to return to Chechnya immediately, but he is forcibly detained in Tiflis"

• Assassination of Chechen resistance leader Beibulat Taimiev, prepared by the imperial command (1831) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Preparations for the murder of Beibulat began, and it was soon carried out”

  The killer — Prince Sali, who was in imperial service — went unpunished, although other cases of blood vengeance were harshly prosecuted; commander-in-chief Paskevich wrote back that Beibulat “was a traitor to the end, and therefore the killer should not be punished”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhaev wrote: “In the summer and autumn of 1832, the troops of General Rosen swept through Chechnya, leaving death and destruction in their wake”

• Extermination of 61 settlements of lowland Chechnya and mountainous Ichkeria by Rosen's troops, burning alive of the defenders of Germenchuk, and extortion of hostages from 80 villages (1832) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhaev wrote: “The general’s troops burned Benoy and other Chechen villages”

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Installation of a New System of Governance

  Golovin, on the tsar's instruction, begins to introduce Russian administration on the occupied territory"

• The amanat-and-tribute system of colonel Pullo in the seized auls of Chechnya (1836-1840) — technique Forced Disarmament

  Khozhaev writes: "The expeditions of general Pullo in December 1839 and January 1840 to uphold Russian administration, and the disarmament of the Chechen lowland auls that had begun, when Pullo demanded the surrender of one gun from every ten houses, aroused indignation in broad layers of the Chechen people"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Punitive Expeditions

  Khozhayev cites the imperial goal: to "punish exemplarily" the Chechens "who had joined Shamil" (Shamil - the imam, leader of the resistance of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya to the Russian conquest)

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhayev adds: "The Russians burned the Benoy hamlet of Gurzhiyn-mokhk and the neighbouring auls of Zandak-Ara and Genderghen, and retreated"

  Khozhayev lists the destroyed Bolshoy Chechen, Dudu-yurt, Akhshpatoy-Goyta, Chunguroy-yurt, Urus-Martan, Gurak-Roshni, Khazhi-Roshni, Taib and Achkhoy - the troops marched on, "leaving behind them destroyed and burned villages"

• Forcing Chechnya into submission after the fall of Akhulgo and suppression of the general uprising of 1840 (1838-1840) — technique Pillage

  Khozhayev - "The detachment rode out onto the clearing with the goods looted in the devastated auls"

• "Constriction of Chechnya from all sides": blockade, secret war, punitive expeditions and the Sunzha Line (1840-1846) — technique Military Intervention

  Khozhayev writes that the village was burned by the tsarist troops themselves

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Destruction of the Natural Landscape

  Khozhayev confirms from the regimental history: "on 19 March 1857 these fortifications were captured by the tsarist troops and destroyed"

  In February 1859 the forest was already being felled at the walls of Vedeno - the capital of the Imamate, Shamil's state: "on 8 February 1859, despite the resistance of the Chechens and Dagestanis, the numerous tsarist troops, having cleared of forest the whole space between the villages of Tevzan and Elistanzhi, came out to the fortification of Vedeno"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Having taken Vedeno, the capital of the Imamate - Shamil's state - the empire destroyed the fortress: "Occupied on 1 April 1859 by the tsarist troops, the Vedeno fortress was completely destroyed within five days"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Forced Registration of Subjecthood

  "In August 1858 the Shatoy people laid down their arms"

  "on 5 April the Cheberloy people expelled the naib and submitted", while "on 12 April the Aukh Chechens acknowledged their powerlessness before the Russian army"

  upon expiry of this term you will have to contribute three rubles per household for the upkeep of your popular administrations", "the governors set over you will rule according to sharia and adat" (sharia - Islamic law; adat - customary law of the highlanders)

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Deportation

  Khozhayev writes of the springs of 1859: "All the subdued highlanders were immediately, under convoy of the tsarist troops, resettled onto the plain for surveillance"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Economic Blockade

  Khozhayev relays the same policy: "The temporary administration of the surrounding villages was directly instructed to cease all contacts with Benoy, to take the Benoy people captive and to destroy them"

• Forest clearings and famine: Yevdokimov's conquest of Chechnya (1857-1859) — technique Manufacturing a Collaborating Elite

  …the former naibs Talkhig, Eski, Edil, Duba, Umalat, appeared at the Groznaya fortress before Prince Baryatinsky" - that is Talkhig Shalinsky, naib of Greater Chechnya and chief of the Imamate's artillery, and Duba Vashendaroyevsky, naib of Lesser Chechnya; the naibs who went over "received tsarist ranks, awards, and were appointed naibs of the same districts where they had once served Shamil"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Benoy was burned once again"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Deportation

  Khozhayev details the mechanism of dispersal: the inhabitants of Benoy "on 29 January 1861, numbering 1218 people, were deported and dispersed, 5—10 households at a time, among the lowland villages of Chechnya assigned to them"

• Suppression of the 1860-1861 uprisings, the execution of Baysangur, and the shooting of the zikrists near Shali (1860-1864) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  the families of Baysungur and Sultan-Murad were also seized — 14 people in all"

  Baysangur's family and sons were exiled to Siberia

• "Mow Down Everything, Beat and Hang Without Mercy": Suppression of the 1877 Uprising and the Executions in Grozny (1877-1878) — technique Total Destruction of Infrastructure

  Khozhaev records: "the Russians burned and destroyed Zandak and, for the second time, the village of Benoy - everything, down to the last house, including the mosques, they leveled to the ground"

• "Mow Down Everything, Beat and Hang Without Mercy": Suppression of the 1877 Uprising and the Executions in Grozny (1877-1878) — technique Artificial Famine

  Khozhaev

• "Mow Down Everything, Beat and Hang Without Mercy": Suppression of the 1877 Uprising and the Executions in Grozny (1877-1878) — technique False Compromise / Entrapment

  Khozhaev writes about the surrender of Alibek-Haji and his naibs (naib - a district governor appointed by the authorities) in November 1877: "The head of the Terek oblast, General Prince Loris-Melikov, deceived them, giving his word of honor that all who turned themselves in would be pardoned"

  The commandant at once ordered him seized and, having shackled his legs and arms in irons, sent him to the town jail"

• "Mow Down Everything, Beat and Hang Without Mercy": Suppression of the 1877 Uprising and the Executions in Grozny (1877-1878) — technique Neutralization of the Opposition

  Khozhaev writes: "On 9 March 1878, at 6 o'clock in the morning, in the town of Grozny, on the fairground square, they were hanged and buried in a common pit" - and gives the list of the eleven by name

  Ibragimova - of the Tyrtov grove near Grozny

• "Mow Down Everything, Beat and Hang Without Mercy": Suppression of the 1877 Uprising and the Executions in Grozny (1877-1878) — technique Pitting Neighboring Peoples Against Each Other

  The rout was completed in the same manner: the village of Sogratl in Dagestan, where the leaders of the uprising had taken refuge, was surrounded by Russian troops and the Dagestani militia

• Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872) — technique Deportation

  Khozhayev draws up the tally: "23,057 people (5 thousand families) of Chechens, Karabulaks and Ingush leave their native land for Turkey"

• Muhajirism: the expulsion of Chechens to the Ottoman Empire, the ban on return, and population replacement (1858-1872) — technique Bribery of Elites

  and swore to prepare for resettlement"

• Operation "Chechevitsa": the Total Deportation of the Chechen People and the Special Settlement Regime (1943-1949) — technique Burning of Books and Archives

  Khozhaev writes about the clan chronicles - the tyaptars: "For three days and three nights a bonfire burned in the center of Grozny, in whose flames were destroyed nearly all the Chechen tyaptars, as well as all the manuscript and printed literature devoted to the history and culture of the Chechens"